Famous Female Chemists and Chemical Engineers

Women have made many important contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering. Heres a list of female scientists and a summary of the research or inventions that made them famous. Jacqueline Barton - (USA, born 1952) Jacqueline Barton probes DNA with electrons. She uses custom-made molecules to locate genes and study their arrangement. She has shown that some damaged DNA molecules do not conduct electricity. Ruth Benerito - (USA, born 1916) Ruth Benerito invented wash-and-wear cotton fabric. Chemical treatment of the cotton surface not only reduced wrinkles, but could be used to make it flame resistant and stain resistant. Ruth Erica Benesch - (1925-2000) Ruth Benesch and her husband Reinhold made a discovery that helped explain how hemoglobin releases oxygen in the body. They learned that carbon dioxide functions as an indicator molecule, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen where carbon dioxide concentrations are high. Joan Berkowitz - (USA, born 1931) Joan Berkowitz is a chemist and environmental consultant. She uses her command of chemistry to help solve problems with pollution and industrial waste. Carolyn Bertozzi - (USA, born 1966) Carolyn Bertozzi has helped design artificial bones that are less likely to cause reactions or lead to rejection than their predecessors. She has helped create contact lenses that are better-tolerated by the cornea of the eye. Hazel Bishop - (USA, 1906–1998) Hazel Bishop is the inventor of smear-proof lipstick. In 1971, Hazel Bishop became the first female member of the Chemists’ Club in New York. Corale Brierley Stephanie Burns Mary Letitia Caldwell Emma Perry Carr - (USA, 1880–1972) Emma Carr helped to make Mount Holyoke, a womens college, into a chemistry research center. She offered undergraduate students the opportunity to conduct their own original resarch. Uma Chowdhry Pamela Clark Mildred Cohn Gerty Theresa Cori Shirley O. Corriher Erika Cremer Marie Curie - Marie Curie pioneered radioactivity research. She was the first two-time Nobel laureate and the only person to win the award in two different sciences (Linus Pauling won Chemistry and Peace). She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Marie Curie was the first female professor at the Sorbonne. Irà ©ne Joliot-Curie - Irà ©ne Joliot-Curie was awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesis of new radioactive elements. The prize was shared jointly with her husband Jean Frà ©dà ©ric Joliot. Marie Daly - (USA, 1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Kathryn Hach Darrow Cecile Hoover Edwards Gertrude Belle Elion Gladys L. A. Emerson Mary Fieser Edith Flanigen - (USA, born 1929) In the 1960s, Edith Flanigen invented a process for making synthetic emeralds. In addition to their use for making beautiful jewelry, the perfect emeralds made it possible to make powerful microwave lasers. In 1992, Flanigen received the first Perkin Medal ever awarded to a woman, for her work synthesizing zeolites. Linda K. Ford Rosalind Franklin - (Great Britain, 1920–1958) Rosalind Franklin used x-ray crystallography to see the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick used her data to propose the double-stranded helical structure of the DNA molecule. The Nobel Prize could only be awarded to living persons, so she could not be included when Watson and Crick were formally recognized with the 1962 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. She also used x-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. Helen M. Free Dianne D. Gates-Anderson Mary Lowe Good Barbara Grant Alice Hamilton - (USA, 1869–1970) Alice Hamilton was a chemist and physician who directed the first governmental commission to investigate industrial hazards in the workplace, such as exposure to dangerous chemicals. Because of her work, laws were passed to protect employees from occupational hazards. In 1919 she became the first female faculty member of Harvard Medical School. Anna Harrison Gladys Hobby Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (Great Britain) was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for using x-rays to determine the structure of biologically important molecules. Darleane Hoffman M. Katharine Holloway - (USA, born 1957) M. Katharine Holloway and Chen Zhao are two of the chemists who developed protease inhibitors to inactivate the HIV virus, greatly extending the lives of AIDS patients. Linda L. Huff Allene Rosalind Jeanes Mae Jemison - (USA, born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Fran Keeth Laura Kiessling Reatha Clark King Judith Klinman Stephanie Kwolek Marie-Anne Lavoisier - (France, circa 1780) Lavoisiers wife was his colleague. She translated documents from English for him and prepared sketches and engravings of laboratory instruments. She hosted parties at which prominent scientists could discuss chemistry and other scientific ideas. Rachel Lloyd Shannon Lucid - (USA, born 1943) Shannon Lucid as an American biochemist and US astronaut. For a while, she held the American record for the most time in space. She studies the effects of space on human health, often using her own body as a test subject. Mary Lyon - (USA, 1797–1849) Mary Lyon founded Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, one of the first womens colleges. At the time, most colleges taught chemistry as a lecture-only class. Lyon made lab exercises and experiments an integral part of undergraduate chemistry education. Her method became popular. Most modern chemistry classes include a lab component. Lena Qiying Ma Jane Marcet Lise Meitner  - Lise Meitner (November 17, 1878 – October 27, 1968) was an Austrian/Swedish physicist who studied radioactivity and nuclear physics. She was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission, for which Otto Hahn received a Nobel Prize. Maud Menten Marie Meurdrac Helen Vaughn Michel Amalie Emmy Noether  - (born in Germany, 1882-1935) Emmy Noether was a mathematician, not a chemist, but her mathematical description of the conservation laws for energy, angular momentum, and linear momentum has been invaluable in spectroscopy and other branches of chemistry. She is responsible for Noethers theorem in theoretical physics, the Lasker–Noether theorem in commutative algebra, the concept of Noetherian rings, and was co-founder of the theory of central simple algebras. Ida Tacke Noddack Mary Engle Pennington Elsa Reichmanis Ellen Swallow Richards Jane S. Richardson  - (USA, born 1941) Jane Richardson, a biochemistry professor at Duke University, is best-known for her hand-drawn and computer-generated portaits of proteins. The graphics help scientists understand how proteins are made and how they function. Janet Rideout Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau Florence Seibert Melissa Sherman Maxine Singer  - (USA, born 1931) Maxine Singer specializes in recombinant DNA technology. She studies how disease-causing genes jump within DNA. She helped formulate the NIHs ethical guidelines for genetic engineering. Barbara Sitzman Susan Solomon Kathleen Taylor Susan S. Taylor Martha Jane Bergin Thomas Margaret E. M. Tolbert Rosalyn Yalow Chen Zhao  - (born 1956) M. Katharine Holloway and Chen Zhao are two of the chemists who developed protease inhibitors to inactivate the HIV virus, greatly extending the lives of AIDS patients.

What’s Venezuela Crisis Really About Essay - 984 Words

Venezuela is a country located on the northern coast of South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, Brazil and Colombia. Venezuela is a country full of beauties and contrasts where people can find beautiful beaches, plains, mountains, and even the majestic highest waterfall of the world (Angel Falls). Also, oil rich nation, one of the upper 10 exporting countries worldwide. During more than four decades, this country lived in full democracy until 1999, when a former military officer, who was involved in a military coup years ago, Hugo Rafael Chavez Frias won the presidential elections, and who remained in the government until he died in 2013 from cancer. Hugo Chavezs political discourse based on the Marxist thoughts soon was creating†¦show more content†¦Then, in two thousand eight the third Stage of Process was implemented in which the Venezuelan governments nationalized the local operations of multinational companies in those sectors considered essential† for their project advisors Cubans. Moreover, Marx divides the communist future into halves, a first stage generally referred to as the dictatorship of the proletariat and a second stage usually called full communism. The historical boundaries of the first stage are set in the claim that: Between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. There corresponds to this also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. Chavez instill it never was to turn Venezuela into another Cuba. He knew he needed the private sector to keep products on the shelves, and wanted to prevent the country follow in the footsteps of Cuba, becoming economically irrelevant in the world as it is today. After Chavez death things have changed. Maduro has not even remotely intellectual Chavez force or charisma, so the currently Venezuelan’s President, depend totally from Cuban’s advices. Maduro as President have to finish the instauration of the communism in Venezuela that Chavez began. In This process Maduro, began fourth stage with an â€Å"Economic War† by ending what was left of freeShow MoreRelatedStrategic Brand Management: Final Notes2618 Words   |  11 Pages2. The people that you’re trying to reach (younger people are more influenced by peers) 3. Your Customer’s connectivity 4. Your marketing strategy (if you have a contract, buzz is less important) 1. Buzz is an invisible network-You will never really see how buzz moves from person to person. 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Adoptions With An Emphasis On The Adoption Of Infants

Unrelated Adoptions with an Emphasis on the Adoption of Infants Nicole Scrivani University of Central Florida Unrelated Adoptions with an Emphasis on the Adoption of Infants Introduction Adoption is the process in which an adult legally becomes the guardian to a child or children that are not biologically their own (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Through adoption, a new family is created and rather than looking at it as one event—which many people mistakenly do—it is a lifelong process that has an effect on every aspect of all parties involved. While there are many different components of adoption, this paper has a strong emphasis of unrelated adoptions, or adoptions by adults who are not in any way biologically related to the child, and when fit, the adoption process and effects specific to infants. According to Crosson-Tower (2013), adoption was originally intended for the benefit of the adoptive parents. They would use adoption to carry on the family name or ensure they would have enough workers/income for example. By the year 1929, all states in America had some form of adoption. Most of the adoptions carried out at this time were from orphanages and orphan trains. It was not until the early twentieth century where the emphasis was on ‘the best interest of the child’. Some of the biggest strides made in adoption occurred in the1980’s where subsidies were given to families who adopted children with special needs and permanency plans whereShow MoreRelatedMary Main was Ainssowrth student. She therefore introduced another fourth category of attachment1400 Words   |  6 Pagesstress and to form an attachment relationship with the caregiver, because here, the attachment figure is the direct cause of distress or fear. An abusive, abandoned and frightening careg iver is the source of fear and the protector at the same time. 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Comparison of Troy Maxson and Willy Loman free essay sample

When one achieves wealth and happiness, they’re considered successful. In Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson, both protagonists Willy Loman and Troy Maxson go through many trials and tribulations trying to achieve this wealth and happiness through the American Dream. These trials and tribulations not only allow the reader to identify the characters’ hubris, but also their bitter, inconsiderate personalities. Furthermore, it was not America holding these characters back from reaching the dream, but rather their own bad choices. Their misfortune turns them into bitter people, undeserving of the reader’s sympathy. At first glance, both Willy Loman and Troy Maxson live such unpleasant lives that would seem almost impossible not to feel sympathetic towards them. They’re both middle-aged family men fighting to better themselves and their families. However, in the lives of both men, pride, insatiable wants, and jealousy lead to their downfall. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Troy Maxson and Willy Loman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After careful examination, it becomes clear why they’re undeserving of the reader’s sympathy. In Death of A Salesman, we’re immediately introduced to Willy Loman, an old salesman who after twenty-odd years on the job admits being burned out. Returning home from his latest trip to Boston, Willy tells his wife Linda that he can’t make any more trips because he’s â€Å"tired to death† (Miller 13). Linda responds with, you’re sixty years old. They can’t expect you to keep traveling every week,† and we see that Willy is an overworked, underpaid, salesman struggling to provide for his family (Miller 14). However, it’s not long before we see what caused Willy to reach this state. Throughout the novel, Willy had a warped view of how to be successful in society. This is illustrated in a flashback where Willy talks about his sons’ friend Bernard; â€Å"Bernard can get the best marks in school, yunderstand, but when he gets out in the business world, yunderstand, you are going to be five times ahead of him†¦Be liked and you will never want† (Miller 33). We later see that the phrase â€Å"be liked and you will never want† serves as a mantra for Willy and ultimately causes his current social status. Willy cared so much about what other people thought of him that nothing else was important, including his ability to sell his products. This mindset dug Willy a hole so deep that it became nearly impossible to get himself out. Within time, Willy is fired and hope is gone. Most people would sympathize with Willy at this point but we can’t overlook the fact that Willy was given multiple opportunities to become better off. His neighbor Charley offered him a job on multiple occasions, one of which directly following Willy’s being fired. Charley says, â€Å"I offered you a job. You can make fifty dollars a week. And I won’t send you on the road† (Miller 96). Though Willy knows he’s a burned out old who can’t travel anymore, he lets his pride stand in the way of creating a better life for himself and his family. Willy was chasing the American Dream and had he took advantage of the opportunities given to him, it would have become more than a dream. Willy made bad decisions. We can’t sympathize with him because the only person responsible for the outcome of those decisions is Willy. In Fences we’re introduced to a character similar to Willy Loman by the name of Troy Maxson. Now fifty-three, Troy often reminisced on his denied chance to make it big in major-league baseball, based solely on the color of his skin. Of course, this type of prejudice would cause the reader to feel sympathize with Troy. Despite being shot down in his prime, Troy still manages to make a successful living as a garbage man and makes a more than reasonable living for someone of his race during the time period. However, not so much is it Troy’s behavior towards himself but rather how his persona affects his family that cause the reader to loose sympathy for him. Troy’s wife Rose is devoted, loving, and takes pride in taking care of their entire family. However, Troy decides his life is too dull, dull enough for him to have an affair. Following his admittance of his affair and fathering another woman’s child, Troy tries to explain with this: â€Å"†¦I fooled them Rose. I bunted. When I found you and Cory and a halfway decent job†¦ I was safe†¦. Then I saw that gal†¦. And then I got to thinking that if I tried I just might be able to steal second†¦ (Wilson 70). † This explanation ultimately shows the reader that no matter how good his life may be, Troy will never be happy with what he has. While it’s a natural tendency for people to want more, it’s hard to feel bad for someone who already has everything they need. Another deciding factor is Troy’s self-centeredness. While he says numerous times that he wants nothing more than to better himself, he denies his son Cory that very opportunity. Cory has the skills and a scholarship opportunity to play college football. Troy however, refuses to let him play, saying, â€Å" The white man ain’t gonna let you get no where with that football noway. You go on and get your book-learning so you can work yourself up in that AP or learn how to fix cars or build houses or something, get you a trade† (Wilson 35). Troy takes this opportunity from Cory on the grounds that because he himself was not able to make it big, he believes his son shouldn’t either. Furthermore, Rose points out that to Troy that â€Å"Times have changed since [he] was young†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"People change†¦. and [Troy] can’t even see it† (Wilson 40). Not only does he ignore that the times have changed since he was young, the reader could infer that jealousy plays a role too. These behaviors that Troy overtly displays, and no attempts to change them, cause the reader to loose all sympathy for Troy. Neither Willy Loman nor Troy Maxson ever achieved what they planned to in their lives. The American Dream became the shattered glass of the window of opportunity they originally possessed. Neither became the men they wanted to be, however if the two would’ve put their pride aside to better their families, not only would their lives have been less misfortunate, but they would have obtained stronger sympathy from the reader. However, lessons can be learned from both of their lives; cherish what you have and don’t let your pride take over.

Start-up Business Organisation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify a hypothetical Business Opportunity that if you had the funds, time and drive you would pursue as a Business start-up. This could be an idea you believe has the potential to become a Business for you to own and grow. Answer: Business organisations are individuals or groups which collaborate to achieve commercial goals like profit and capital maximisation. Some business organisations are formed to serve the society and not to earn profits. Start-up business ventures synthesise funds, time, resources and entrepreneurial drives to earn profits. The man is a medium sized start up business organisation which is a part of the beauty product industry (Ghezzi et al., 2015). The organisation would be a soap manufacturing company selling high quality soap for men under the same label in Australia. Its business strategy would be offering high quality organic soap to men at affordable prices. The vision of the company would be offering high quality organic soaps at affordable prices to maximise customer satisfaction. The vision of the company also includes expanding into markets outside Australia to maximise profit and competitive advantage(Blank, 2013). The start-up business would follow a centralised organisational structure. A centralised organisational structure is characterised by centralised leadership and formally laid down relationship between superior and subordinates. The centralised organisation structure would suit the start up business as it is new and would require strict control by the apex management. This would allow formation of business strategies regarding production, allocation of funds and employment of human resources in a more efficient way (Kunz Dow III, 2015). The man being a start up business organisation would come under influence of various external and internal environmental forces. The main external forces are political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. These factors are beyond the control of the company and would require formation of business strategies to take advantage of these external environmental factors(Buch, Eickmeier Prieto, 2014). For example, the company has to operate according to the laws framed by the government. It has to manufacture and operate in sustainable ways like using environment friendly raw materials to reduce environmental pollution and benefit the society. These company has to take into consideration the advancement in technology while forming its production strategies. The start-up business The man has to consider these macroeconomic factors while operating so as to sustain in the market and earn profit(Mokhova Zinecker, 2014). The man like every business organisation would be impacted upon by internal factors like value system prevalent within the organisation, mission and objectives and organisational culture. The new start up company would be impacted strongly by these internal factors but unlike the external factors, these factors are under the control of the company(Perez, Popadiuk Cesar, 2017). The new start up company would emphasise on forming a organisational structure which would be based on ethics, self efficacy of employees and diversity management. The mission of the start up organisation would be to operate in ways to benefit its stakehokders including employees(Radzi et al., 2017). The corporate culture of the company would aim to manufacture high quality products for the customers to ensure high returns and market penetration. The competencies of the apex management too have very important bearing on the organisational performances. It can also be stated that the company should enhance the capability of its internal factors to be able to deal with the external factors more efficiently(Kuratko, Hornsby Covin, 2014). The start up business The man would be encountering several risks while conducting business in Australia. The first business risk the soap manufacturing company would be encountering is strategic risks. The man being a new mens product in the market would be facing stiff competition from the established brands (Kontis et al., 2014). The soap manufacturing company would face compliance risks due to continuous government and legal intervention in the private sector. The next compliance risk the soap company would face is the challenge to operate in ethical ways adhering to laws which often increases costs of production. The business would face financial risks because being a new product, The man would require heavy initial investment in marketing and promotion. However, the returns in the initial phase may not be high which would require more expenditure to promote the product to gain deep market penetration and new customer bases (Sadgrove, 2016). The company being new in the market w ould require strengthening its goodwill in order to be able to compete with the big companies manufacturing soaps for men. This poses reputation risks to the new company which necessitates it to strength its goodwill by promoting and selling high quality products. This analysis shows that a new business faces several risks from the market like financial and strategic risks which attract more expenditure from the coffers of the company to minimise them and ensure growth of the company. The new business organisation would adopt business practices to ensure maximum customer satisfaction. The organisation would acquire quality human resources and materials to produce high quality mens soap. It would be follow strategic human resource management to align its manpower with its business objectives. The business policies of the organisation would also incorporate embracing modern and sustainable processes of production (Sivarajah, Irani Jones, 2014). The company should emphasise on sustainable acquisition of raw materials to ensure sustainability and environment friendly operations. It would also strive towards achievement of energy efficiency by recycling waste and manufacturing energy from them. This business practice would help the company to gain energy self sufficiency and cut down expenditure towards energy in the long run. Corporate social responsibility would be an integral component of the business processes of the company. It would buy its raw materials to manu facture soap like vegetable oils from the local planters (Bikard, Murray Gans, 2015). It would take initiatives to bring about development in the society like arranging free medical checkups for the poor people living in the Australian suburbs. These four business practices would enhance organisational performance. The most important functions of the company would be finance, marketing, production, legal and compliance and human resource management. These departments would cooperate and coordinate with each other to enhance organisational performances. The finance department would allocate the funds to other departments required to initiate the strategic functions like acquiring human resources. The human resource department would acquire skilled and efficient manpower capable of achieving high productivity. The human resource department would align the manpower acquired to the business objectives of the company. This would ensure high productivity and organisational performances (Sadgrove, 2016). The marketing department would form marketing mix to promote the mens soaps on the audio media, print media and digital media. This would ensure creation of high demand for the product in the market. This ensures high revenue and competitive advantage in the market which again promotes high organisati onal performances. The marketing department would establish business contacts with the distributors to obtain orders for supply of soap. It would communicate the information to the production and finance department. The finance department makes financial planning and allocates the required funds to the production department to acquire the materials to start the production (Kontis et al., 2014). The production department would then start production according to the specifications stated in the orders in terms of sizes and product attributes. The legal and compliance department ensures that the company operates according to the law and policies in force. It enforces use of high quality materials and technology according to the laws. This ensures that the company operates by adhering to laws and ethics, thus succeeding to create a strong image in the market. Thus, it can be inferred that the strict vigilance of the legal department directs the company to act ethically which creates a s trong market reputation and helps the company counteract reputation risks. The discussion shows that the main functions of The man helps it to achieve high degree of organisational performances. The human resource department acquires talented and efficient human resources. The finance department allocates the funds required to carry out the crucial functions like recruitment of human resources. The marketing department promotes the products of the company in the market and creates demand. This department secured orders from the market and communicates the same to the finance and production department. The finance department allocates funds while the production department initiates the production process. The legal department oversees the operations of the entire company to ensure compliance to laws and ethics. Thus, the important functions of the organisation collaborate and coordinate with each other to achieve high organisational performances. It can thus be stated that this colla boration of the departments and functions account for high profitability and market performance of The man. It can be concluded from the discussion that start up business organisations encounter several external and internal environmental forces. The external environmental forces like government actions and changing consumer tastes are beyond the controlling power of the company. However, they necessitate the company to form policies and strategies according to them. The internal policies are under the control of the company and can be exploited more efficiently to increase organisational excellence. The companies should strengthen its internal factors to deal with the macroeconomic factors more effectively. There are several types of risks which pose challenge to the market position of the company. The company must adopt business practices to ensure high organisational performance. The important departments like marketing and finance collaborate to ensure business execution and high organisational performances References: Bikard, M., Murray, F., Gans, J. S. (2015). Exploring trade-offs in the organization of scientific work: Collaboration and scientific reward.Management Science,61(7), 1473-1495. Blank, S. (2013). Why the lean start-up changes everything.Harvard business review,91(5), 63-72. Buch, C. M., Eickmeier, S., Prieto, E. (2014). Macroeconomic factors and microlevel bank behavior.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(4), 715-751. Ghezzi, A., Cavallaro, A., Rangone, A., Balocco, R. (2015, April). A Comparative Study on the Impact of Business Model Design Lean Startup Approach versus Traditional Business Plan on Mobile Startups Performance. InICEIS (3)(pp. 196-203). Kontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Rehm, J., Stevens, G. A., Shield, K. D., Bonita, R., ... Ezzati, M. (2014). Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25 25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study.The Lancet,384(9941), 427-437. Kunz, D. A., Dow III, B. L. (2015). Organizing and financing a new business venture.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,21(1), 24. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. (2014). Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship.Business Horizons,57(1), 37-47. Mokhova, N., Zinecker, M. (2014). Macroeconomic factors and corporate capital structure.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,110, 530-540. Perez, G., Popadiuk, S., Cesar, A. M. R. V. C. (2017). Internal factors that favor the adoption of technological innovation defined by information systems: a study of the electronic health record.RAI Revista de Administrao e Inovao,14(1), 67-78. Radzi, K. M., Nor, M. N. M., Ali, S. M. (2017). The impact of internal factors on small business success: a case of small enterprises under the felda scheme. Sadgrove, K. (2016).The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Sivarajah, U., Irani, Z., Jones, S. (2014, January). Application of Web 2.0 technologies in E-Government: A United Kingdom case study. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2221-2230). IEEE.

Profitability and Liquidity Essay Example

Profitability and Liquidity Essay Profitability:Profitability is the making of gain in business activity for the benefit of the owners of the business.It is vital to my business as it allow my business to keep running.This is because by making a profit: Means my business is of interest to people and so by making a profit it is prevented from closing down. Where I have borrowed money, for example, for the set up of my business, I will take a loan from the bank, by making a profit I am then able to pay off that money. In the future, if I am looking to expand my business I am able to as I have enough, or even extra funds to use. This shows that passion4fashion is doing well and its performance is improving. I can be rewarded for the risks that I have taken in order to run the business.Profitability is a vital part in my business as I have to ensure the list above is carried out, once I have made a profit, e.g. pay bank loans back. As the owner of passion4fashion I would like to ensure all the hard work I put into the bu siness will be paid off, I believe that the profit is my reward for my entrepreneurial activities. Failure to gain profit leads to an unsuccessful business. By making a profit and by that profit gradually increasing let me know that my business is improving over time. However, as passion4fashion is a new business I cannot expect a profit immediately. Even though I will not gain a profit immediately, I will still need some sort of finance in order for my business to survive in the short run therefore I will have to have a sufficient amount of liquid resources. This is because liquid resources can be turned into cash within 12months. This will allow me to pay off immediate bill and wages etc.LiquidityLiquidity is a term that refers to the ability with which assets can be converted into cash.As I may not be making a profit within the first twelve months, I will need a way in which my business to survive. I believe it is possible to survive without making a profit within the first year as I can use the cash from liquid sources. These include cash in hand and money I have put either in a savings account or have as savings.Hence, liquidity is so important as if passion4fashion has a liquidity shortage, then it means there is no available cash. Cash is needed to pay for immediate bills, for example; wages, electricity bills, etc. without these bills being paid it is impossible for me to continue with my business.If passion4fashion did have a liquidity issue, I could sell off any raw materials and fixed assets that are unnecessary for running my business. This would allow me to make cash on them for a quick source of money. Also, I could retrieve any debts that I am owed in order to gain more money; however, as I am opening a new business it is unlikely that I have debtors already. This action will only take action if there is a severe liquidity problem within my business.In general, the productivity and liquidity is crucial because I will need to monitor the financia l position that my business is in. If I cannot make a profit, I will most definitely need liquid sources that are easily available.Task C2Assets, Liabilities, Expenses RevenuesAn asset is property owned and used by the business. The assets I have will consist of: Current Assets: current assets are those that are available as cash and other assets that could be converted into cash within a year. Current assets will be use up in production and include stock and cash.The stock; for my business the main stock is T-shirts; this will include a range of colours and sizes, and creative-flex (this is the printing ink) there will also be a range of colours of creative-flex. I will re-order the two main stocks on a monthly basis. Fixed Assets: an asset to a business that is central to its operation and not traded. My fixed assets are what I will buy to be used over a long period of time; this includes the premises I will be running the business in, and the printing press machine.A liability i s the money that is owed, all debts and financial obligations. There are 2 types of liability: Long term liabilities- An investors legal responsibility for no greater proportion of a companys debt than is represented by the value of the financial stake in the business. These are finances that are not due to be paid back for atleast 12 months. An example is money that is to be repaid in bank loans. Current liabilities- these are finances that are due to be cleared before the end of the financial year. This includes payment to suppliers, overdrafts, short term loans, and annual taxes.Revenue: the revenue is the income that comes into the business, due to the sale of products or services. So the revenue for passion4fashion is the total income that I get from selling the personalised T-shirts.Expenses: these are overheads of the business. It is all money spent for business purposes. For my business this will include; broadband internet, mobile phone contract, printing press machine, T-s hirts, printing ink, premises, stationery, computer, etc. (all expenses named in cash flow forecast)Task C3Profit and Loss AccountMy profit and loss account will show calculations of the net profit or loss made within my business. This account includes the income that has been received and the expenditures on resources that will be used within the next 12 months.Overall, this contains information about costs and profits, also revenue that I will record over the year.The main details of a profit and loss account consist ofTurnover:This is the revenue that I will generate from my business. The turnover minus the cost of sales will show my gross profit.Cost of Sales:The cost of sales is the expenditure that needs to be reached in order to produce goods.Gross Profit:This is figure is found by cost of sales turnover. Gross profit is the profit that my business will make before any expenses have been taken away.Expenses:These are also known as overheads. The expenses are not associated w ith production.Net Profit:This is the total amount of profit that is left over.The Profit and loss account that I have created displays that for the initial year of trading that I have made a net profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,388. As, I am a new business it is not expected to make a profit for the first year. However, if I keep to the budget and if business continues in the way I have forecasted, then Passion4Fashion should make the high profit I have predicted. I wish to maintain, and exceed this profit in years to come and therefore that means not making a loss. This means I will need to increase sales, I could also decrease the cost of my expenses, however as I am not making a loss I do not need take extreme actions.Profit and Loss AccountPassion~4~FashionFor end of initial year:TurnoverCost of SalesGross Profit33,2988,01032,288OverheadsRentAdvertisement and websiteEquipmentLoan6003002000à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2900Net Profit32,2882,900=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½29,388Underneath is the profit and loss account for passion4fashion:Task C4Balance SheetMy balance sheet will show the assets and liabilities for Passion4Fashion at one time. The balance sheet below shows the assets and liabilities of my company within a year.Balance Sheet forPassion4Fashion:Fixed AssetsPremisesEquipmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600Current AssetsStockCash in BankCash in handCurrent LiabilitiesTrade CreditorsNet Current AssetsLong term LiabilitiesBank LoanNET ASSETS FINANCED BYCapitalOpening CapitalAdd Net profitLess DrawingsClosing CapitalTask C5Cash flow forecastThe cash flow forecast is a vital aspect in the planning process when setting my business up. Overall, my cash flow forecast will show the amount of money coming into the business and going out of the business a year. However, it is separated and presented in months.The advantage of producing a cash flow forecast is to help me control and maintain my cash. By predicting in which months I will have more money I am then able to take risks or expand my busine ss. Also I need to ensure passion4fashion remain liquid meaning there is enough money coming into the business so I am able to repay debts and bills.By creating a cash flow forecast and thinking about the future of the company I can plan ahead, enabling me to estimate future costs and revenues. Also, by creating a cash flow forecast I not only see when I have more money coming in, but also I can see when I have little money coming in aswell, this allows me to prepare or save for those times. By having a estimate of what the future of my business will be like I can save well before time in order for my business to remain liquid or else my business will fail.As I have previously explained, when setting up my business I will need to borrow money, this will be a loan borrowed from the bank. However, as that money is needed to be paid back I will have to prove to the loaners that the business I plan on starting up will be successful and will be able to pay back the loan. By producing a c ash flow forecast I have enabled myself to present to the business how their money is going to be spent, and paid back. Also, a cash flow forecast is an effortful task and therefore it shows the bank managers that I am determined to make this business reach its maximum potential.I have researched many banks in order to find the best loan for my business. I have found that Lloyds TSB offer the best loan, and I will requesting a loan of two thousand pounds. As the owner I feel it is also my duty to take a risk and put in four thousand pounds of my savings into the business. I believe in myself that I can make the business work and achieve the aims and objectives set. However, it is my job to persuade the Lloyds TSB that I am worthy of the loan. So in order to do so I have put together my cash flow forecast to allow the bankers to see that my business plans are practical and attainable. Also, if I knew from looking at the cash flow forecast that my business would fail I would be very h esitant to put in four thousand pounds worth of savings. At the end of the business year I can then compare my cash flow forecast with the actual cash flow. This allows me to see where it is I have over spent, or even not spent enough. But most importantly, it allows me to make any adjustments for the following year. So my cash flow forecast for each year gradually becomes more and more realistic and is closer to the actual cash flow.I have used a spreadsheet to present my cash flow forecast, I have presented how much money I have estimated to flow in and out of my business during the first year. On a monthly basis I have calculated that my business make sales worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1900 for the first three months. I plan to sell 120 T-shirts a month, at the average price of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.83. I have only calculated an average price as the price may vary depending on the type of T-shirt the customer requires, e.g. larger logos will have an additional charge.I have increase my estimated s ales figure after three months as during the 1st three months I plan to heavily advertise my business in the local newspaper, and become a recognised brand. The advertising will come into effect after three months. And so by the time of April and May I will have a larger market share.I have estimated that my busiest months of the year will be June and July. I have again increased my estimated sales figure to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4600, I hope for this increase as the weather will be getting hotter and therefore people are more likely to buy and wear T-shirts. Also, during the summer, I have researched that people, mostly students, go on holiday. As they go in large groups they buy personalised T-shirts stating where they are going, and their name or the name of their group. For example;During those two months I plan to sell 290 T-shirts per month (rounded up to nearest 10) this will increase my revenue by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1250, with sales rising from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,350 in May to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,600 i n June.However, during the months of August and September I have realistically decreased sales to be the same as April and May, this is because the weather will be getting colder and therefore people will not buying or wearing as many T-shirts. I have also estimated that the sales drop after September until December, this is because the weather is going to be extremely cold and it is highly unlikely that T-shirts will be worn. However, I expect to still get sales during these months as October, November, and December are months of which people do Christmas shopping, and with the aid of advertising a personalised T-shirt maybe the perfect Christmas present.In total the cash flow forecast shows me that I am expecting a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½34,000 in sales during the first year of trading.As a business I will have expected costs that the business will need to meet. These include the materials used to make my T-shirts; this is known as my direct costs. For the first three months I will have à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½245 for stock and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½265 for materials (T-shirts). As I plan to sell more after the first three months this means I will have to spend more on materials and stock, so raising the total of both from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½510, to a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½760 in April and May. The direct costs will keep rising until August, and the decrease again in October through until December.The premises I have decide to use is my Uncles stationery shop. I have discussed the matter with him. He agreed to give me a spacious (enough to make and sell my T-shirts) part of his shop if I pay him rent of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month, this is because it is an unused space and he feels he has no gain from using this space, so the extra à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month can do his company some good aswell. Also, by advertising my company they will enter his shop in order to purchase a T-shirt, and customers may decide to pick up some stationery on there way in or out. However, I agreed that after the first yea r, after sales increase, I will also increase the rent I pay.I have also included fuel costs which I have estimated to be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 a month, this is because I will only be driving to and from work, and occasionally I may have to either go to the bank or pick up supplies. But on the whole I will not be travelling much. Also, I have decided that on large orders, if they are unable to pick up the T-shirts I ill be willing to drop them off. This will only be within a 10 miles radius of my shop.My car tax is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½125 a year, and I have received a quote from AA for my car insurance which is totalled to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½600 a year. This is because I learnt to drive from AA driving school, and as a result I get discount off my car insurance. I have included this in my cash flow forecast as 12 monthly instalments. My mobile phone service is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½120 a year, on O2 as I feel they give the best deal for the lowest amount of money.The net cash flow is the sales minus the expenditur e. If sales are more than expenditure than the net flow will be positive, however, if expenditure is more than sales then net flow will be negative. Looking at my cash flow forecast I have a positive net flow, this is because my total sales are more than my total expenditures. I have a net flow of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16,649. As T-shirt sales increase so does the net flow, this is shown as by looking at my cash flow forecast I can see that during the months of June and July (boxes G48 and H48 in cash flow forecast) my net flow increases by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½225 compared to that which it was in May.The opening balance is the amount of money my business will have at the start of each month.My cash flow forecast shows that the opening balance in January is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0. This is because I have not sold any T-shirts yet. As my business prolongs and I am gradually selling more T-shirts my opening balance will increase every month, this is because sales will be higher than expenditure.My closing balance shows the amount of money that is left at the end of the month.The closing balance for one month equals the same as the opening balance for the month after, and is calculated by adding the net flow to the opening balance.The closing balance for January is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,997 this is reasonably high for the first month.After January the closing balance keeps increasing, however it increases more after June and July than any other months.Normally businesses either have liquidity issues as they do not have a positive cash flow. They may decide to take out extended loans, and in the future if I my business does have liquidity problems I will have to do this. However, for the first year according to my cash flow forecast my business will not have a negative cash flow. This is because my expenses are low in comparison to my payments. By showing the bankers this, it is a persuading factor in order for them to give me a loan.Task C6BudgetA budget is a major part for financial planning; it is used to see how much money is available for future and present use. In order to keep my finances in order and in effect I will have to produce a budget every month.The main functions of having a budget are; Planning: by having a budget I can plan for the future incase problems occur and I fall short of money. Directing: by budgeting the money I get I can put some of it towards motivating my employees, so they work harder in order to achieve their goals and targets set. Also, I can see exactly where the money is going, and this will mean that no one else can spend the money unnecessarily, including myself.A budget is useful as it gives me an indication of where I can spend and save money. This is extremely vital as it can prevent the assimilation of debts. The budget can help with the successfulness of my business; this is because I can see where it is necessary to spend my money in order for it to go further. I can also prioritise what I need to buy ahead of time; again, this will enable my business to go further and for me to avoid debts as they will be my first priority.There are different types of budgets; some of them are listed below; Production Budget- this type of budget is used to plan levels of production.This will show the amount of units for each product that will need to be made in order to reflect the revenue plans shown in the sales budget. Sales Budget- this is the budget I am likely to use, I feel this is the most important type of budgeting as it effects other types of budgeting, as you can see from above (affects production budgeting). This is caused as if the amount of sales increases during the year, the amount of production will also need to be increased (as demand goes up, supply has to follow). By using this type of budgeting I can gain a clearer insight on where my money is going.Variance analysisVariance analysis is a budget that can be carried out for both revenue and costs. Below is a list of the four types of variance analysis:1. S ales Variance; this is the difference between budgeted sales revenue and actual revenue. For example if a new competitor comes into the market, that would decrease my sales, and as it was unexpected it would make a large difference when comparing predicted revenue to actual revenue.2. Materials variance; this is the difference between predicted cost of materials and actual cost of materials. For example, if the price in cotton (the T-shirt material) rose unexpectedly yet rapidly I would have to increase the selling price of my T-shirts. Thus as the increased price in cotton was not expected, it would have a great effect when comparing my predicted cost of materials to the actual cost of materials. Also, the increase or decrease in inflation will have an occurring difference in the price of the materials I buy.3. Fixed Overhead Variance; this is the difference between the predicted fixed overhead and the actual overhead. An example relating to passion4fashion would be if the rent inc reases within the first year, this would not be planned as I have agreed for the rent to increase after a year. And so with the unexpected circumstance there will be a different between predicted and actual price of fixed overheads.Variance analysis will allow me to view the overall performance of my business as I can see where and why variance has occurred.Task C7Break evenThe point where my business will break even is when the total revenue from sales is exactly the same as producing the T-shirts. The level of output where total costs and total revenue are the same is known as the break even output. The formula I will use to assess whether or not I have broken even is;The fixed costs are those that remain the same for the business throughout the year for example, my premises, and machinery. Also, the repayments I make to the bank will remain the same during the year so that can also be counted as a fixed cost.The contribution for my business would be the cost of producing the T-sh irt subtracted by the sale of the T-shirt.The fixed cost for my business equals, and the contribution equals à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15.83-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.25, this gives me a total contribution of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.58.Break even can help me monitor the performance of passion4fashion. I am able to do this as if I receive a profit more than I expected I can see that my targets have been met and exceeded. Also, if I target my business to break even in June and it does so in October than I can see that I need to improve my business strategies in order for my business to be successful.I will use the calculation shown above to figure out how long it will take in order for my business to make a net profit. By using the research I have conducted which tells me how many T-shirts I are demanded a week, for example 40 T-shirts in demand for every week on an annual basis, I will sell 2080 T-shirts a year. Break even comes into this as I can see how many T-shirts I have to sell in order to break even and how lon g it will take me to sell that many T-shirts. If I am able to break even within the first year I can then calculate my net profit after breaking even, with this information I can then start expanding on ideas for my business and strive to achieve new aims and objectives.By using my market research to calculate how long it will take in order for my business to break even, I can then adjust it accordingly. For example, if I end up selling more than I planned I will be sure break-even quicker. However, if I end up selling less than I intended than I will have to recalculate my break even time.My break even figure may even change, for example, if a new scenario occurs where perhaps a new competitor enters the market, I may have to lower prices. This means that I will have to sell more T-shirts in order to break even. To keep revenue the same if I decrease the price I will have to either promote my business more, or look around for a cheaper supplier!My break even figure can also help me when I have the money to pay out in order for my business to remain liquid.

The Power of Persuasive Essay Samples

The Power of Persuasive Essay SamplesThe power of persuasive essay samples are tremendously important for students in the high school level. This is because these persuasive essays can help students get their project accepted by an editor and even by the entire publishing house. If you know what these persuasive essays are all about, you may be able to prepare a persuasive essay for your students. In fact, you will be surprised that many students will be very impressed by your work.The power of persuasive essay samples can help students create some very effective materials. For instance, you can show them how to create a persuasive essay on corporate governance in order to attract funding. They can also learn how to write an argumentative essay on ethics, the benefits of advertising, or other topics.Moreover, persuasive essay samples can help them in developing the skills required for writing a persuasive article, as well as how to write a persuasive book proposal. After all, if you want students to learn how to get their work published and accepted, you have to equip them with the right writing skills. This means that they have to learn how to make the most of persuasive essays and persuasive writing skills.In addition, it is important for students to be aware of the importance of persuasiveness when they are trying to prepare for the AP exam in the tenth grade. There are some persuasive essay samples that are specifically geared toward students who are preparing for the AP test in the tenth grade. In fact, students who are studying persuasive essays in the high school level will benefit from learning more about persuasive essays and other persuasive writing skills in the tenth grade, especially if they wish to become editors.Furthermore, if you want to prepare students for the ninth grade AP test, you have to give them enough examples from persuasive essays that are developed in the seventh grade and above. The sixth grade examples are not enough, since you a re not getting access to a new subject or topic. Therefore, the seventh grade examples are important.Furthermore, if you are going to take the seventh grade writings from colleges or universities as examples, you should make sure that you are also using the correct spelling and grammar. You should also use synonyms to prove that your students know what they are talking about. In other words, you should try to proofread these essays so that you can make sure that the text is grammatically correct.It is also important for you to learn how to utilize persuasive essay samples in order to improve your writing. In other words, you need to learn how to make use of persuasive examples in order to teach your students the right way to use this approach in their own works. This will help you develop persuasive skills in your students.Furthermore, if you want to take advantage of persuasive essay samples in order to make the seventh grade writing section a lot easier, you should consider using examples that are available online. You can use online persuasive examples and sample stories to make the writing process a lot easier for you. All you have to do is simply write the essay for each section and compare the final drafts with the online sources.