Essay on “Acquisition Strategies Identification and Analysis”

Essay on â€Å"Acquisition Strategies: Identification and Analysis† Introduction The whole food company was founded in 1980 with a major aim of dealing int he selling of the food stuffs in the united states. The companies expanded within a remarkably short time and opened unusually many selling outlets in the united states, canada and the united kingdom. Curently, the organization has a total of 302 stores, most of which are concentrated int he united states while a few in canada and united kingdom. The company offers produce, seafood, grocery, meat and poultry, bakery, prepared foods and catering, coffee and tea, nutritional supplements, and vitamins. Through this, the organization offers employment to remarkably many people especially in the United States. The approximate number of employees working for whole food organization is 45,300. Whole food is considered the biggest grocery industry in the United States, though receiving some stiff competition from other grocery companies like Kroger, Safeway, and Super Value. The market of the whole food organization is considered as a mature market because of the duration that the organization has existed. In addition, there was a lot of financial investment into the organization that led to the faster rate of growth of the organization in the mid and late nineties. This faster growth led to the faster rate of maturity of the market that the organization operated. Environmental factors The environmental factors that either positively or negatively affect the operations of whole food organization are Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors. These factors are extremely prominent in the running of the activities of any organization as they are likely to bring a positive or negative competitive advantage to the organization. There have been some politically generated regulations that have to be met by all organizations dealing in the organic foods. The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) created a certification called NOP (National Organic Program) which â€Å"regulates the standards for any farm, wild crop harvesting, or handling operation that wants to sell an agricultural product as organically produced† (Organic Certification, 2012). Therefore, for certification and recognition and be certified, organic producers must attend the regulations and standards. The economic situation around the world has negatively affected the business of whole food organization. Most countries including the United States have been experiencing inflation and this has made people spend less on the purchase of the foodstuffs. This is even increased further due to the higher prices of the organic foods that whole food deals in as compared to the inorganic foodstuffs. The social factor has positively affected the business of the whole food organization. Most people around the world are seeking to live a happy and healthy life. Most of people want to get the proper health from the organic foods. This has led to the increase in the rate of consumption of the whole food organization products (Whole Foods Market, 2011). Technology has negatively affected the business of whole food organization because it has led to the high cost of the organic food products. It is evident that the organic food producer’s use less technology as compared to the inorganic food producers. The less technology has led to less output from the farms hence making organic foods scarce, hence more expensive and less affordable to the consumers. Porter’s 5 Forces The five forces in the competition model are the threat of the entry of new competitors, the threat of substitute products or services, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the bargaining power of customers (buyers), and the bargaining power of suppliers. The threat of the entry of new competitors is a crucial factor for whole food. Other organizations as Wal-Mart has come up strongly and is offering close competition to whole food organization in the selling of the organic food products (Grocery Stores Supermarkets, 2012). The threat of the substitute products is also another factor. The organic food products are more expensive than the inorganic food products. This is making terribly many people go for the purchase of the inorganic foodstuffs due to the low price levels. This has led to the reduction of sales at whole food. Now, the principal competitors that can be pointed out are Trader Joe’s, Sprouts Farmers Market, and local market stores. These are giving whole food a high competitive rivalry of picking up the market share that was initially enjoyed by whole food organization. The bargaining power of consumers and suppliers are the other two factors. The consumers are likely to switch from the high quality organizations like whole food and go for the mass merchandising organizations like Wal-Mart. Concerning the suppliers; the natural food retailers have a higher advantage over organizations like whole food.

Analysis Of Odysseus From The Odyssey By Homer

Being in a land that is across the ocean can be very difficult if it meant leaving family for twenty years. One would be changed if going on that kind of adventure. Odysseus, from The Odyssey by Homer, translated by Robert Fagles, left behind a wife named Penelope and a child named Telemachus to fight in the Trojan War. Twenty years away from home is a long time with a wife who still worries at night, and a child who has aged into a man. Odysseus wants to get home as quick as possible, and although claiming loyalty to his wife Penelope, Odysseus wastes time on his journey home, shows love interests with different women, and lies about his identity proving his excruciating disloyalty to Penelope. The biggest thing keeping Odysseus from being loyal to Penelope is wasting time on his journey home. The most exemplary example of this is when Odysseus and his crew land at Circe’s island of Aeaea and spend â€Å" a year, / [. . .] feasting on [. . .] meat and [. . .] wine† (10.515-516). Odysseus wastes time here because he and his crew are lounging around and he is not being forced to stay at Circe’s palace. If Odysseus wanted to get home as fast as he could, then he would have gotten off of Circe’s island as fast as possible. Not only has Odysseus spent a whole year at Aeaea, but Odysseus wastes yet more time where he lands on the island of Thrinacia and wastes â€Å"one whole month† (12.350). This also proves Odysseus is wasting time because he could have gotten off of that island beforeShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey And The Iliad1060 Words   |  5 PagesHomer was one of the first great authors in Western culture. He was known for creating the tw o Greek epics The Odyssey and The Iliad, which. The Odyssey tells of the ten-year journey by Odysseus to Ithica from Troy to be reunited with his beloved wife. The Odyssey was written in a with illustrative language. The Iliad was written in a. It depicted the end of the Trojan War and the siege of Troy. This event occurred centuries before Homer was assumed to have been born. Although both epics were writtenRead MoreMale Stereotypes In The Odyssey Of Homer701 Words   |  3 PagesStereotypes Gender stereotypes has been around for many decades, and have been passed on from generation to generation. These gender stereotypes play a big role in how people are looked upon in society. The ancient Greeks portrayed masculinity as being brave, strong, powerful, superior to women, and in no way feminine. Some of these male expectations are still maintained in society today. In the book â€Å"The Odyssey of Homer† written by Richmond Lattimore, there are many of the male expectations that the ancientRead MoreAthena, The Goddess Of Wisdom And Strategy965 Words   |  4 Pagesstrategy, plays an intriguing role throughout The Odyssey. An example of this role is specifically shown in Book 19, as she is present with Odysseus and Telemachus in the halls. In this scene, Athena is shown holding a golden lamp in front of Telemachus and Odysseus as they walk the halls. Odysseus is able to see Athena is holding the lamp. However, Telemachus cannot see her and is bedazzled by the gold en radiance and glow. As Homer states, Odysseus and his princely son, And began to carry off theRead MoreThe Truth Behind The Myth1471 Words   |  6 Pagesmyth has become blurred. Dating back to as early as 900 BCE many of the Greek literature works were not written down, such as the poems of Homer. They were told orally, passed on like a campfire story. Homer authored both The Iliad and The Odyssey. The Iliad is the story of the Trojan war, while The Odyssey is about Odysseus’ ten year adventure home from the war. â€Å"The story of the Trojan War, the Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece, straddles the history andRead MoreOdysseus Journey Back Home1462 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 2, 2014 Analysis: Odysseus’ Journey Back Home to Ithaca The journey of Odysseus is a complex one, and must be carefully analyzed to see whether Odysseus truly completes a hero’s journey. Homer’s The Odyssey, centers upon Odysseus Laertes, the King of Ithaca. After defeating the Trojans at war, Odysseus is on his homeward voyage when he blinds Polyphemus, a Cyclops. Polyphemus then places a curse upon Odysseus, causing him to take 10 years to return home. After he returns, Odysseus kills the manyRead MoreThe Odyssey, The Presence Of Divine Intervention Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the Odyssey, the presence of divine intervention overwhelmingly shapes the story as a whole. The relationship between humans and gods within the book can be characterized as one that provides humans options, commonly in the form of an omen and according to their choices, will result in a set punishment or appraisal. From an individual’s choices in life and the aforementioned trials, a god or goddess will positively or negativel y impact the person’s life. This divine intervention drivesRead MoreComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have arguedRead More Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid by Virgil and the Odyssey by Homer1534 Words   |  7 Pages Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid and the Odyssey I chose to compare the Odyssey written by the Greek poet Homer and the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. I will focus my interest on Book 11 of the Odyssey and Book 6 of the Aeneid, since that is when both of the main characters make an educational visit to the underworld. The description of the underworld created by Homers wild imagination, inspired Virgil eight centuries later. Virgils masterpiece was plannedRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Iliad 1382 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Doerhoff History of Greece Dr. Kirkland September 5, 2014 Document Analysis The primary documents that will be focused on in this analysis come from Homer’s Iliad. Homer is venerated today as the greatest of Greek epic poets, as his works had a colossal impact on the history of literature. Through his epics, Homer brings us first hand into the culture of the Greek world in the eighth century B.C. It is important to note that at this time very few had the privilege of an education, and lackedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 1368 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish H, period 3 11 November 2014 Hospitality: An analysis of xenia in The Odyssey William Shakespeare, in Timon Of Athens Act III Scene line 39 writes : I charge thee, invite them all: let in the tide of knaves once more; my cook and I ll provide† Shakespeare is explaining to his readers that he will invite everyone in and he will cook for them meaning that he will provide everything to his guests. Similarly, in The Odyssey Odysseus without knowing it is providing for all the suitors with

In-House Training Free Essays

In-house training Introduction The role of Training and development is the field which is concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of Individuals and groups in an organizational setting. Training focusing on doing activities to develop for current job and development to prepare future roles responsibilities. In house training is a training program to use Trainers go through the job description for leaning opportunities developed by the organization has been used and implemented by the organization in 2005. We will write a custom essay sample on In-House Training or any similar topic only for you Order Now Is an activity provided by employee who develop training with the good expertise of training materials, courses, assessment. Furthermore, there are some ways to method employee training. There is teaching work-related skills like classroom-based training, webinars, self-directed learning to make sure the standards and meet expectation at other company. Usually, the only bigger company can offer to Completely provide the needed training in-house of supplementing their in-house programs with external programs to Develop the various reasons. In-house training should be viewed as an investment’ to promote their clients’ shares, as opposed to a cost. This investment in human capital can be measured in the evaluation process.Body of the Essay In-house training seems like coaching as it stays for long-term success of the strategic goals to set up objective goals ‘what kind of the satisfy to address need training ‘when a person has a more experienced and knowledgeable person to help another person in order to educate to develop their visions and methods pertinent to the accomplishments of their job, gaining Skills; Abilities because this will allow for motivating the employee and building a more positive environment.For instance, a group of employee shares together their information to another person to have a skill about their information to benefit for this person. Keeping classroom training in house by using an employee in an onsite classroom to watch it what’s required to train them design a classroom training program. This is particularly true when the training includes mission critical topics. It may educate them on existing policies, procedures, and best practices, then have them design a classroom training program. CITATION Whe17 l 1033 (When to use in-house training for your employees., 2012-2017) . The external training it gives you access to whoever you want or possibly can manage to do the sessions, you can choose your friends but not your relatives as they say. Whilst you might be stuck with your in-house ‘experts’ your corporate family. CITATION InH00 l 1033 (In-House Vs. External Training: which is better?, 2000). The Pros of in-house training is that the Training cost savings are the cost per delegate is typically less when compared to sending the same number on to public training courses which mean â€Å"regularly workers need to grow professionally, however will most likely be unable to bring about the cost of classes, preparing programs or different assets freely. At the point when businesses go up against this cost, it can prompt more joyful representatives and support coordinated effort. Business reproductions and different projects are best utilized when representatives can work in groups, and subsequently are upgraded for a working environment setting. Setting up this level of joint effort in the workplace, while all the while creating center vocation aptitudes for representatives, can add to steadfastness and ?retention†. CITATION How151 l 1033 (How a training program can save your business money, 2015 ) , more focused training- Individuals can understand from their own explanation and learn from other employee, Convenience that fit around the working schedule of the employees or using a work examples, Team building had different training classrooms give individuals opportunity to encourage greater team work, awareness and understanding of each other’s role and Incorporate organization’s values. The cons of In-house training which there is extra administration this Although you save money by decreasing the organization required by the training company, you do go up against this weight yourself. Requirements for In-House training courses could include a training room, equipment such as laptops, and tablets amongst other things. These should be dealt with and ahead of time to guarantee the training works, Delegates stay onsite to the pure fact the candidates could be pulled out of the classroom in order to help with different exercises suggests they probably will be. This makes it hard to really get a candidate through a whole session without intrusion, Dedication It could be argued that by not moving the training course out the building, it might not be viewed as such a serious event by your employees that if you were to take them to an external location, Lack of innovation  If you are using all of your own equipment in the same environment that your staff is used to there is a danger of the training course going stale. Familiarity could mean a lack of improvement in the training that could hold you back and Networking Your staff won’t meet anybody from different organizations if the training course is done In-House. This is missing out on an excellent networking opportunity as well as the fact different ethos’ and styles brought by employees from other organizations can give a different view to your employees – again helping them develop. The benefit of the topic Consultation that spending a time with a trainer to identify and assess your specific training requirements. This mean to make sure that the trainer to improve a course that meets all the goals. Cost effective this will often charge a cost of delegate, particularly if you deliver the course at your trainer and Flexible the person who will train to another person this means to ensure courses are structured and delivered to meet your organization’s culture and work priorities. People carrying out this training already work for your in- house training, to be sure that they know your in-house training, too. CITATION The09 l 1033 (The benefits of in-house training, 2009). Furthermore, In house benefit for organization: Retention In house benefit for employees: Professional development, Employee satisfaction. Conclusion In an organization that is truly committed to the utilization of human capital, in order to gain acompetitive advantage in the training or in the case of most libraries justifying their need forresources, in-house training programs are the most effective to the long-term success of theorganization’s strategic goals. Training should be seen as an investment in the organization’sstrategic plans. To compete strategically, you must first determine the training need through self-assessment, develop a training program that will support the job analysis and core competencies needed. This report will motivate people and the conditions in which they will be motivated to satisfy them.Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY (2000). Retrieved April 1, 2018, from In-House Vs. External Training: which is better?: https://www.agencycentral.co.uk/articles/2016-04/benefits-of-internal-training.htmHow a training program can save your business money. (2015 , March 31 ). Retrieved from CAPSIM: http://www.capsim.com/blog/how-a-training-program-can-save-your-business-money/The benefits of in-house training. (2009). Retrieved from https://www.theirm.org/training/in-house-training.aspxWhen to use in-house training for your employees. (2012-2017). Retrieved from http://vnmanpower.com/en/when-to-use-in-house-training-for-your-employees-bl211.html How to cite In-House Training, Papers

Hemp MiraclePlant Essay Research Paper Is there free essay sample

Hemp Miracle-Plant Essay, Research Paper Is there a individual works that could perchance salvage the universe? Because of its energy and adaptability, it was amongst the first workss to be cultivated by worlds and has been used and grown by many civilizations for 1000s of old ages. Yet, today people are fined, even jailed for turning this works because it is illegal. Lawgivers fail to see that this sole works likely has more utilizations than any other stuff on Earth. The full works can be utilized for over 25,000 applications. To get down, the seed is nature # 8217 ; s perfect nutrient. It can be ground into a repast or can be sprouted and used like other beans and seeds. In add-on to the oil from the seeds have the highest per centum of indispensable fatty acids and the lowest per centum of concentrated fats. It is besides a complete beginning of protein and can be served as a repast in itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemp MiraclePlant Essay Research Paper Is there or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second, byproducts from the works are an first-class beginning constructing stuff. It has 4 times the cellular fibre than trees, doing it perfect for pressed board, particle board and concrete model. It is longer enduring and more flexible than presently used stuffs. In comparing, trees take 20 old ages to maturate while this works merely takes 4 months. Correspondingly, 1 acre of this works produces every bit much as 4 estates of trees. Third, paper that is made from this works is stronger, more water-repellent than wood mush, is less likely to rupture and is 7 times more reclaimable than wood. It besides uses a fraction of the unsafe chemicals used in treating wood mush. Fiber is a 4th usage. A fabric made degree Fahrenheit read-only memory this works is softer and warmer than cotton and is 6 times as strong. In add-on to, the fabric is much more immune to enduring and wear. Traveling on to the fifth usage, medically, a derived function of this works has late been proven to alleviate sickness in AIDS and malignant neoplastic disease therapy. It has been used with success in handling glaucoma, asthma, epilepsy, temper upsets, and arthritis. It increases appetite, promotes sleep and relaxation, and relieves emphasis and megrims. Most significantly, fossil fuels could remain in the land. The works produces far more and safer chemical compounds suited for transition to methane than any other works. This renewable fuel contains no S and while turning aids take C dioxide from the ambiance via photosynthesis. For 1000s of old ages, wholly good pigments and varnishes were made from an oil from the works. Today, it has about been wholly replaced by chemically derived oils. In shutting, it is estimated that if me rely 6 per centum of all our cultivable land were seeded with this works, it could provide us with all our fuel, gas and oil demands. I find it funny that authorities functionaries don # 8217 ; t recognize the impact that this individual works could hold on the universe. Alternatively of punishing people for turning it, authoritiess should be promoting husbandmans to turn it. What is this works you might inquire? This works that has created so much contention and which I feel could salvage the universe is hemp. Whatever you decide to name it, I feel that it is the nature # 8217 ; s most of import works that should be used to its fullest potency.

Hybrid Engines vs. Standard Engine

3 Personal Branding Tips for Enhancing Your Elevator Speech

3 Personal Branding Tips for Enhancing Your Elevator Speech Dorothy Tannahill-Moran over at CareerRealism, has some great tips for presenting  yourself  in a succinct, persuasive and professional manner!1. Develop Your  Email SignatureAlas the days of clipart and ~~~~~~+~~~~~~+~~~~+ are gone (or should be, seriously), but if you arent taking advantage of your email clients signature function to end every email with your name, job title, and contact info (including any networking-friendly social media profiles), youre missing an opportunity. Tannahill-Moran recommends using a signature as a venue for your elevator pitch; Id say keep it short and sweet like a resume objective line.2. Use Your Business Card as a Sales ToolI love this tip- I have a book project in the works and I actually made separate business cards for it, with an image and title on the front and a description in the back. You could condense your elevator pitch onto the back of your business cards or distill it down into a line between your name and contact info.3. Linked In ProfileThis is an obvious one- you can decide whether you include your elevator pitch like a mini cover letter or feature it as the first comment in the summary section. This allows recruiters and hiring managers to quickly scan your profile and identify what you have to offer and what youre looking for.  How To Extend Your Personal Brand With An Elevator Speech  Read More at Careerealism

Poetry essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Poetry - Essay Example Standing in the direct line of poet-critics from Philip Sydney to T.S Eliot, he hoped that literature would rise and take up the place of religion offering consolation and sustenance to man. His short poem â€Å"Dover Beach† reflects his melancholic temperament and his dismay at the retreating tide of religious faith. He extols humanity to hold fast to one another because the world is a deceptive and dangerous place, the darkness of which needs moral and spiritual enlightenment to guide people through. The poem begins with tempting description of the night-scene from the Dover Beach. The sea is described as calm, the tide full, â€Å"the moon lies fair upon the straits†, the distant lights on the French coast come on and off, the vast cliffs of England stand â€Å"glimmering†, the bay is tranquil, and the night air is sweet. The speaker invites the other to come to the window and witness the alluring scene. The poem is in the form of a talk, and there is an inevitable presence of a listener. The speaker is airing his thoughts and feelings to an intimate ‘other’ present with him. The seventh line in the first stanza of the poem marks the transition in the speaker’s mood. From the alluring description of the outside view and the invitation to share the beautiful moment with him at the window, he swiftly moves to the melancholic aspect of the repetitive sound of the waves gathering and flinging back the pebbles from the shore on their coming and retreating. He calls this â€Å"the grating roar of pebbles†. The noise is disturbing in its recurring pattern of â€Å"Begin, and cease, and then again begin†. The slow and â€Å"tremulous cadence† of the waves bring to the poet â€Å"the external note of sadness in†. Arnold uses poetic techniques like inversion to heighten the impact of his words. In the last lines of the first stanza the inversion in â€Å"with tremulous cadence slow† works wonders bringing home the

Business Process Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Process Change - Research Paper Example Four Winds Hospital is a medium health organization that specializes in psychiatric care. The core mission of the hospital is to offer extemporary services to patients with mental illness. Like other health organizations, the hospital is often faced with the need to balance its business objectives and social responsibilities. Q#2 From your research of the organization, identify a single Business Process Change that the organization will need to contemplate and undertake in the coming year. These changes can result from new technologies, economic issues, or changes in the marketplace. According to J. Burke (2010), organizations need to ensure that their business operations are in line with the current changes in technology. In the wake of the modern technological innovations, many organizations have sought to refurbish their systems and structures by adopting technological mechanisms in their operations. Technology has been widely accepted as a system enabler and an element that would contribute to better results, efficient operations, and other positive aspects associated with any productive culture (Ogus, 2007). In particular, introduction of Electronic Medical Records is expected to bring about significant changes in the operational changes of the organization (Kalb, 2005). ... Burke, 2010). The EMR system is also expected to contribute to employee’s satisfaction through increased efficiency and accuracy (Sharfstein, Dickerson, & Oldham, 2009). In addition, the EMR system is expected to revitalize the hospital’s influence on the market. Changes in organization are expected to solve logistical challenges that have slowed administrative and clinical processes at the Winds Psychiatric Hospital. The organizational change at the hospital should be viewed within the framework of total quality management. Q#3 Utilizing the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) outline briefly what changes need to be undertaken at each of the 5-stages (pages xxxiii-xxxiv). The capability maturity model (CMM) will be helpful in refining the organization’s growth and strategies. This will be achieved through effective strategies and software design. Four Winds Hospital needs to implement changes in its management, technology and market approach. Using CMM, the business managers will be able to measure the effectiveness of each of the business approaches or changes (Macmillan, 2007). The system will also enable the hospital to track its changes and developments in relation to EMR application (Luo, 2006). Firstly, the organization needs to adopt a communication system that facilitates efficiency and consistency. The EMR system will enhance effectiveness of communication within the organization and communication between the organization and its business associates. Data appertaining to clients will be handled in a more organized and efficient way that would help solve the challenges of logistics and delays that have been occasioned by the manual systems of information management (Ball, Weaver, & Kiel, 2004). Although face-to-face

This is for Human Growth and Development class (Socw) Essay

This is for Human Growth and Development class (Socw) - Essay Example It proposes that environmental experience shapes personal character. It is not the genetic makeup that controls the biological fate. Two forms of control are, therefore, proposed to influence development; the internal control (genes) in nature and the external control (environment) as per nurture. Nature assumes that the development of characters that deviate from the norm is indication of the expression of defective genes. This causes the concept of victimization and irresponsibility. In the nurture, the gene activity is linked to changes in the conditions that may enhance the potential of inducing dysfunction or disease. The regulation and control of the environment shape an individual’s biological expression. The environment directly controls the behavior and gene activity (Lipton, 2002). The failure to account failure to account for genetically controlled human when there are not enough genes to code proteins is cited as a drawback to gene determinism (Lipton, 2002). The proficiency of cells to maintain successful and integrated life in the absence of genes reveals that genes are not predominant in cell function. Therefore, genes cannot control biology since they are no self-emergent (Lipton, 2002). Genes cannot self-actualize and are chemically unable to turn on or off at will. Gene expression is under the regulatory control of environmental signals that act through epigenetic mechanisms. In conclusion, genes can be regarded as expressing life but not control. Nurture seems to play a most principal role in human development compared to nature. The change in environment generates need for new

Kicking Performance and Kick Co-ordination Training

Kicking Performance and Kick Co-ordination Training The effects of a strength and kick co-ordination training programme on lower limb velocity, ball velocity and knee extensor strength: Differences between male and female football players. Football (also known as soccer) is one of the most popular team sports worldwide (Katis Kellis, 2007) with hundreds of millions purported to play (Masuda et al, 2005) and in accordance is watched on 6 continents (Ekstrand, 1994). Due to this popularity, football is a widely researched area with the volume of literature extensive. Various research programmes have been undertaken in the area of football kick biomechanics with a range of parameters being measured and analysed, in an attempt to understand the fundamental skills required by the sport, especially the maximal soccer kick (Lees Nolan, 1998). Although the field is widely researched gaps still transpire. One of these gaps is gender differences; little research is documented on the kick biomechanics of womens football as said by Barfield et al (2002), who states the rapid rise in female participation in soccer worldwide has not been followed by a corresponding increase in the number of studies biomechanically that target fema le kicking patterns to determine if differences exist between males and females. Lee and Nolan (1998) state that success in football depends on kicking performance, with new aspects of this being identified (Kathis Kellis, 2007). Shan and Westerhoff (2005) believe that the scientific understanding of the sport is not yet on the same echelon as its practice, subsequently its partakers acquire their skills not through research based instruction but through individual experience; suggesting that biomechanical feedback may facilitate an athlete further. Kicking performance and kick co-ordination Biomechanical kicking success in football has been measured predominately by maximum ball velocity (Markovic et al, 2006) with Dorge et al (2002) stating it could be this speed that is particularly important when kicking towards goal. When kicking a ball, players will use the most appropriate form dependant on the intent and nature of the outcome (Numone et al, 2002) and according to a study by Grant et al (1998), who analysed data from the 1998 World Cup, the instep kick (IK) (see figure 1) and sidefoot kick are the most commonly used techniques to score. The ball velocity of the maximum IK is the main indicator in kicking performance (Orloff et al, 2008) and has been said to be the result of various factors including technique (Lees and Nolan, 1998), gender (Barfield et al, 2002), muscle strength and power of players (De Proft et al, 1988; Dutta Subraminium, 2002). The IK is a fundamental skill that is used on many occasions during football (see figure 1), with Orloff et al (2008) stating that the mechanics in instep kicking are critical in determining kick performance. Transfer of momentum from the thigh to the leg is believed to play an important role in instep kicking, however these claims have not been conclusively quantified (Dunn Putnam, 1988). The IK involves a sequence of momentum from proximal (thigh) to distal (shank and foot) body segments in the kicking limb as it is a swing action (Barfield et al, 2002) that should be a natural fluid motion (Clagg et al, 2009). When a kick is performed the proximal segment initiates the movement taking the kicking leg backwards, with the distal segment lagging behind, forward movement of the leg occurs when the proximal segment has reached its potential at backswing and is brought forward whilst the knee continues to flex (Wickstrom, 1975; Dorge et al, 2002). This is followed by a deceleration of the proximal segment due to motion dependant moments from the shank (Putnam, 1991); upon ball impact the proximal segment is almost stationary, at which point the distal segment is accelerating and vigorously extending about the knee to almost full extension at ball impact (Wickstrom, 1975) (see figure 2). At the point of contact, of instep to ball, powerful kickers keep the foot/ankle compl ex locked and plantarflexed, as a consequence the forces that propel the ball are maximised (Hay, 1996; Tsaousidid and Zatsiorsky, 1996). Lower limb velocities (Levanon Dapena, 1988) are said to be an important determinant of ball velocity. Manolopoulos et al (2006) state that a greater shank velocity is indicative of a more powerful shot, the study conducted by Manolopoulous et al (2006) concluded that a strength and kick co-ordination training programme over a ten week period can cause an improvement in angular velocities of segments. A study conducted by Barfield et al (2002) found that a greater ball velocity was found with greater angular velocity of the distal segment (in male footballers). From this literature it can be assumed that a person with a high lower limb velocity should have a high ball velocity. It has been theorised that the length, speed and angle of approach are the most important aspects of the preparatory phase, before movement transpires, having a significant effect on football kick success (Isokawa Lees, 1988; Kellis et al, 2004).When a football kick is performed the athlete may kick the ball from a stationary position or approach the ball from a certain distance (Kathis Kellis, 2007), Opavsky (1988) states that higher ball velocities are established when there is a running approach, of at least two to three steps, to the ball in contrast to a stagnant approach. Another important point is that a ball will in most cases be moving towards the player; consequently the player will not be hitting a stationary ball as is often the case in laboratory conditions, supported by Tol et al (2002). Kellis and Katis (2007) state that higher ball speed values have been during competition in contrast to a laboratory setting. Isokawa Lees (1988) concluded that on average maximum swing leg velocity occurred at an approach angle of between 30 ° and 45 °, with a maximum velocity ensuing at 45 °. From this finding it can be alleged that 45 ° is the optimal approach angle for a maximal velocity instep soccer kick (Clagg et al, 2009). Maximum ball speed and its relationship with accuracy is one which has been investigated with interesting results. Asami et al (1976) reported that by demanding both speed and accuracy from players, an 80% drop of the maximal value occurs as a result, this is a considerable reduction; however is further supported in literature stating that accurate kicking is achieved through slower ball velocities and kicking motion (Katis Kellis, 2007; Lees Nolan, 1998; Teixeira et al, 1999). Katis Kellis (2007) deduce that a defined target, such as a goal, will determine the actual constraints on accuracy, with its manipulation leading to a trade-off between speed and accuracy of ki ck. Another factor that could inhibit a maximal velocity IK is the kicking limb chosen. Many studies have found that higher ball velocities are found when football players kick with their dominant limb as opposed to kicks with the non-dominant limb; this has been attributed to higher foot speeds and a better inter-segmental pattern (Numone et al, 2006; Dorge et al, 2002); Manopoluous et al (2006) state that ball speed is the result of several segmental actions of the body during a kick, figure 3 illustrates the movements of the body segments during different phases of the kick. Female and Male footballers Studies regarding male football performance in relation to kick biomechanics is a well researched area, however this does not correlate to the lack of knowledge gained when researching for female information. This statement is supported by McLean et al (2005) and Hewett et al (2006) who both acknowledge that few studies have characterised or examined female athletic performance in specific sports such as soccer, along with the assertion from Barfield (2002) that the rapid rise in female participation in soccer worldwide has not been followed by a corresponding increase in the number of studies biomechanically that target female kicking patterns to determine if differences exist between males and females. It is thought that the identification of kinematic differences between the sexes could potentially play a critical role in the teaching and training of aspiring female soccer players (Barfield et al, 2002). Consequently it can be assumed that female studies should be regarded to be o f high importance and those found could help to eradicate huge differences between the sexes. With this said there are a few studies that have compared male and females, and studies that have solely looked at females. A study by Barfield et al (2002) investigated differences between elite female and male soccer players. The study concluded that males kick the ball with greater ball velocity on the instep kick than women (see table 1 for mean ball velocity achieved in this study) and the differences in kinematic variables investigated were significantly different between the sexes, although this was small. However in this study there was one exception to the case, as it was found that one female generated greater ball velocity on two of her three kicks than the males on her dominant side, suggesting that not everyone follows the trend. A study by Tant et al (1991) supports Barfield et al (2002) findings, as it was found that male players produce greater ball speeds than their female counterparts, they attributed this finding to greater strength that males recorded; as tested on an isokinetic dynamometer. In contrast to these findings, a study by Orloff et al (2008) comparing the kinetics and kinematics of the plant leg position between males and female collegiate soccer player during an instep kick, found that ball speed did not differ significantly between the two sexes as was hypothesised. Table 1 illustrates mean ball velocities, ranging from 15 to 30 m.s-1, achieved during a number of studies most of which occurred with the instep kick. Only one study shown provides details of a mean female ball velocity once more indicating the lack of research on female football participation. Strength training It has been stated that kicking performance when measured by means of maximal ball velocity, can be improved by strength training (DeProft et al, 1988; Jelusic et al, 1992; Taiana et al, 1993), relating to Wisloff et al (2004) who states that maximal strength is an important factor in successful soccer performance; this is because of the apparent demands visible from the game. Strength has been defined as the integrated results of several force producing muscles performing maximally, either isometrically or dynamically during a single voluntary effort of a defined task (Hoff Helgerud, 2004); Schmidtbleicher (1992) states that strength influences all other components and thus it is located in an upper hierarchal level. The use of strength training is a common means of improving muscle function and has been said to develop performance of kicking skill through apposite training (Masuda et al, 2005). Gomez et al (2008) believe that the coalescing of strength training with technical training involving motor tasks is required for improvements in performances to occur, this relates to the traditional training principle of specificity; Behm Sale (1993) and Sale (1992) support this principle as they believe that training is intended to correspond to specificity in sport itself, this is in terms of contraction type, contraction force, movements and velocity. This can be related to football training, since the fundamental aspect of football is kicking and this involves a complex series of synergistic movements of the lower limbs, which in essence would be extremely complex to imitate with simple strength-training movements (Bangsbo, 1994). Therefore strength training should be integrated into football training with several types and speeds of training involving the actual movement pattern in order to increase performance (Masuda et al, 2005). If a relationship between muscle strength and performance exists then it can be assumed that positive effects should become perceptible when measuring ball velocity, if these performance enhancing training benefits are not evident then athletes may not be motivated to participate in strength training (Myer et al, 2005). Myer et al (2005) conducted a study that explored the effects that a comprehensive neuromuscular training programme had over a period of six weeks. The investigators measured performance and lower extremity movement biomechanics in female athletes, it was concluded that female athletes who trained with this six week programme could gain performance enhancements and significant improvements in movement biomechanics. Myer et al (2005) states that female athletes may especially benefit from multi-component neuromuscular training, as females often display decreased baseline levels of strength and power when compared with their male counterparts. The previous statement is supported by Kraemer et al (2003) and Kraemer et al (2001) who believe that a comprehensive training programme may significantly increase power, strength and neuromuscular control and therefore decrease gender differences in these measures. Campo et al (2009) conducted a study over a period of 12 weeks on female soccer players; this involved the undertaking of a plyometric program. It was found that this program produced improvements in explosive strength in the female athletes and consequently this improvement could be transferred to soccer kick performance in terms of ball velocity; this study also lends evidence to the use of plyometrics in a strength training program. Studies by Aagaard et al (1996) and Trolle et al (1993) found similarities within their results, since no significant improvements in kicking performance were established after knee-extension strength training. However De Proft et al (1988), Gomez et al (2008) and Monolopoulos et al (2006) all conducted strength training programmes that combined strength with another form of training, football training, plyometric exercises and technique exercises (kick co-ordination) respectively, found significant improvements in kicking performance (maximal instep football kick). The studies by Gomez et al (2008) and Myer et al (2005) took place over a 6wk period, with the study by Monolopoulos et al (2006) taking place over 10 weeks and Campo et al (2009) over a 12 week period, suggesting that the length of a training programme is interchangeable to gain relevant results. Hoff Helgerud (2004) state that research based on strength training is often not conclusive; this may be due to the variances in measurement techniques. Knee muscles Various studies have examined the muscle activation patterns that arise during a football kick; one of the findings to come from studies is the high activation of knee muscle groups (De Proft et al, 1988). To examine this further, maximal isokinetic data has been undertaken to study the moment of force of the knee extensors and flexors, this has been investigated in male players (Brady et al, 1993; Oberg et al, 1984; Oberg et al, 1986), female players (Reilly Drust, 1997) and in relation to football kick performance (Cabri et al, 1988; Poulmedis, 1988; Reilly Drust, 1997). Rapid knee flexion and extension is an important part of a football kick as the knee flexes then extends at impact, this movement is accompanied by a stretch of the knee musculature during backswing ensued by immediate shortening during distal segment movement (Katis Kellis, 2009). The action of the proximal segment being brought forward whilst the distal segment lags behind (as the knee is still flexing) serves to stretch the extensor muscles of the proximal segment before shortening of them is needed, this necessitates the generation of large end-point speed (Lees Nolan, 1998). It can be assumed that if the knee extensor muscles are powerful then they should facilitate in large end point speed (greater ball velocity). Isokinetic muscle testing is often used to evaluate strength within sport, with a range of data obtainable from its use (Ozcakar et al, 2003) however controversy surrounds its application. Wisloff et al (2004) believe that isokinetic tests do not reflect the actual movements of the lower limb segments during a football kick, and Dvir (1996) states that this is due to the nature of testing knee extensors, as it is a single-joint configuration, it is limited in functional scope. A study by Reilly Drust (1994), have reported results for female soccer players that show a high correlation between ball speed and knee extensor strength, this is supported by McLean and Tumilty (1993) who state that maximal strength of knee extensor muscles is an important determinant of kick performance. Asami et al (1982) report that the ball velocity and knee extensor strength relationship of the kicking limb may well depend on the skill level of the players, suggesting that the strength of the muscles in the knee has less input on ball velocity in football players whom are more skilled. This statement implies that less skilled players rely more on their muscular strength than skill. De Proft et al (1988) conducted a strength training programme for footballers and found a 25% increase in concentric muscle strength of extensors. Studies have shown that knee extensor strength and kick performance however did not have a positive relationship, as for example Masuda et al (2005) found that knee extension/flexion strength was not correlated with the ball velocity and Aagaard et al (1996) conducted a 12 week training programme on the isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors, with an increase in isokinetic and concentric strength found, but it was concluded that this gain did not help facilitate improvements in performance. Expectations and hypotheses From current literature it is expected that the use of a strength training programme integrated with technical game play, will have a positive significant improvement from pre-test to post-test on both females and males as previous research has shown that a strength training programme improves performance (Manolopoulos et al., 2004; De Proft et al., 1988; Dutta Subramanium, 2002), however the female group are expected to have a bigger improvement as they often have lower level of strength to start (Myer et al, 2005) leaving more room for improvement, and men will have a better kicking performance determined by ball velocity as they possess more power (Barfield et al, 2002; Tant et al, 1991). It is also expected that an improvement in knee muscle strength, limb velocity and foot velocity at ball contact will lead to an improvement in ball velocity as it can be said that kicking performance can be related to leg muscle strength as it is the muscles which are directly responsible for t he increasing speed of the foot and therefore resultant ball velocity (Lees Nolan, 1998). This information leads to the hypotheses for this study. It is hypothesised that after a strength training and kick co-ordination programme both men and women will find significant improvements in their kicking performance and knee extensor strength, females will have a greater improvement in the pre to post test results than their male counterparts, men will have greater ball velocity both pre and post test than women, improvements in knee strength, limb velocity and foot velocity will lead to an improvement in ball velocity. Materials and methods Pilot testing Before any real data collection commenced two pilot tests were conducted. This was to enable any aspects of the testing procedure to be checked, allowing areas of weakness and uncertainty to be enhanced and/or changes needing to occur to be implemented before actual testing transpired. The first pilot test involved kinematic analysis data collection, using Qualysis Oqus 3D motion capture system, at a sampling rate of 500 Hz, under laboratory conditions. A participant was marked up with a lower limb marker set (see figure 7 and 8), a warm up and relevant instructions were given. 5 maximum velocity kicks were performed with the dominant foot at a target (1.82m x 1.2m) set 6 metres away from the position of the ball, a 2metre approach distance of self selected approach angle was allowed and a Sports radar precision gun (SRA 3000) was positioned behind the target. Uncertainties regarding target size, approach distance and quality of data collection were put under scrutiny. Collaboration with the participant allowed for uncertainties such as target size and distance of approach to be modified. Quality of data was checked and it appeared not all parts of the movement were captured or markers visible at all times (see figure 4). Due to these findings the pilot testing res ulted in changes to the planned protocol, such as approach distance (an extra metre allowance was given), bandage size (was halved to prevent covering of markers), calibration technique in regards to area dynamically covered was increased (to cover all movement performed) and appropriate marker placement took place (incorrect palpitation had previously taken place). The second pilot test was an extension of the first, relevant changes were made as noted in pilot test 1, with testing on the isokinetic dynamometer (ISOCOM- isokinetic technology, eurokinetics) included for strength data. A warm up was conducted prior to use, with the involvement of dynamic movements to help replicate the movement on the isokinetic dynamometer, once completed 5 practice trials took place followed by 3 trials that were collected as the data. This allowed for any time restraints for the two conjoined to be noted. It was found that the testing on the isocom took longer than the kinematic data, as it was expected that this would be roughly the same time; so implementation of a suitable time system could occur. Marker issues previously noted in pilot 1 were not problematic; this could be due to the increased area of calibration and anatomical landmark markers not being covered by bandages. Figure 5 shows that most data was captured and tracked, giving evidence to improve ments made being effective, when comparing figure 4 and 5 against each other. The extra metre approach distance allowance proved successful with collection of data running more smoothly. Participants Sixteen amateur football players volunteered to participate in this study, eight females and eight males. Participants were split with regards to gender and assigned to either the female control group (FCG) (n= 4 females; age 20  ± 0.8 years; height 169  ± 5.8cm; body mass 68.9  ± 11.1 kg; all mean  ± std), the male control group (MCG) ( n= 4 males; age, 21  ± 1 year; height 177.5  ± 7 cm; body mass 77  ± 10 kg; all mean  ± std), the female strength training experimental group (FTG) (n= 4 females; age 20  ± 1.3 year; height 160  ± 1.8 cm; body mass 58.1  ± 4.3 kg; all mean  ± std ) or the male strength training experimental group (MTG) (n= 4 males; age 17  ± 1. 2 year; height 174.9  ± 4.1 cm; body mass 73.1  ± 13.7 kg; all mean  ± std). All females were right foot dominant, with 6 males being right foot dominant and 2 left foot dominant. Foot dominance was self selected based on the players reply to which foot they preferred kicking with to gain a maxi mal ball velocity outcome. Subjects were informed about the requirements, benefits and risks of the study, and completed an informed consent form and Par- Q prior to any testing (see Appendix). Kick performance test / Biomechanical testing In accordance to the study of Masuda et al (2004) kick performance was evaluated by measuring the maximal and mean velocity of the ball, by the use of Sports radar precision gun (SRA 3000), and a set number of trials in which the ball hit the target (5 times). Other measurements from this maximal kick were also taken by means of Qualysis Oqus 3D motion capture system, this uses multiple cameras (an eight camera system) to reconstruct three dimensional movement data; this was captured at a sampling rate of 500 Hz for 5 seconds. This enabled human movement analysis during the execution of a motor task (instep kick) to be traced via the use of reflective markers, gathering quantitative information (Cappozzo et al, 2005). The calibrated anatomical system technique (CAST) marker set was used (Cappozzo et al, 1995), each participant was instrumented with 44 retroflective markers (see figure 7 and 8). All markers and clusters used when capturing the data was with the aim to: not significant ly modify the performance being captured and measured as stated by Brand and Crownshield (1981). These markers were placed on anatomical landmarks (medial and lateral side of proximal and distal end of segements) by palpation using guidance from Croce et al (2005), and on segments using clusters in accordance with Manal et al (2000) who state that a rigid shell with a cluster of four markers is the optimal configuration for a cluster set. Specific shoes were provided for all participants, with the anatomical landmarks placed on these prior to testing (figure 6). Before data collection of each participant commenced, the motion capture system was calibrated (see figure 9a) to allow information gathering of spatial location of anatomical landmarks in regards to a known frame of reference (Cappozzo et al, 1994). This occurred by the use of a wand, which carries two markers of a given distance (750.5mm), and is made to coincide with the target anatomical landmarks by moving dynamically through the volume of cameras (Cappozzo et al, 2005; Richards, 2008) over a calibration frame placed in the data collection area (see figure 9b), this is removed so data for the intended activity (instep kick) can be performed and recorded. A static of each participant with clusters and anatomical markers was then taken (see figure 10) asking participants to gain a posture where anatomical markers can be seen by two or more cameras for at least a frame. Once this was achieved only tracking markers were kept on (thigh and shank clusters, anterior superior iliac spin e (ASIS), posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), greater trochanter, iliacs, foot markers except 1st and 5th metatarsals), as Cappozzo (1984) states markers used for identifying anatomical landmarks should be removed before physical movement is performed. Qualysis Track Manager (QTM) was the software used to capture the data including statics, dynamic movement and calibration. The set-up design for the kick performance test can be seen in figure 11. Specific instructions were given to participants regarding their kicks, it was stated that although the kicks that missed the target would be repeated, they should not sacrifice speed in order to improve accuracy. A ball of standard size and standard inflation (Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de Football Association, FIFA, standard) was used. A warm-up was conducted, this took place on a treadmill (5-10 mins) followed by stretching, once the candidate felt they had been sufficiently warmed up practice trials took place. 2-3 practice trials were implemented allowing participants to acquaint themselves with test equipment and kicking conditions. Participants were allowed to self select their approach angle to the ball (between 0 ° to 60 °), the only restraint utilised was the approach distance to the ball; participants were allowed a run up of between 2 to 3 metres this distance was marked and made noticeable to the participants. 5 successful trials were recorded on the dominant leg, a successful trial was classed as one which hit the target and the motion capture data was seen to be adequate, only 3 of these trials were analysed (data deemed as poor quality was discarded). This testing took place both pre and post intervention. Once data collection had been completed in QTM, the information was used and markers labelled; including both static and dynamic data. For dynamic data, this took place through naming the markers in a dynamic frame and processing this to the corresponding data. An aim model was built, this was then generated and batch processed to all the dynamic trials, the checking of each anatomical frame ensued to ensure all markers were labelled correctly. Once this procedure was completed data was then exported to Visual 3D for further analysis and model building. Data from QTM (see figure 10) was built in to actual body segments that could be visually seen and recognised; this occurred through model building on Visual 3D. Figure 12 shows some examples of how the right hand side of the body was built; the same was done for the left side. Once model building had been completed, all trials were checked and different pipelines were put in place (a set of commands that can change or produce data wa nted). An interpolation pipeline was conducted on the data to fill in missing data points, a ten frame gap fill was instrumented, filling in gaps more than this suggest that data is of poor quality. A low pass filter (using Butterworth filter) pipeline was put in place on the data, to smooth and remove noise that could be due to relative and absolute errors (soft tissue artefacts) (Richards, 2008), with a cut of frequency of 6 Hz used. Cut off frequencies previously used in other literature are between 6-18 Hz (Andersen et al, 1999; Dorge et al, 2002; Nunome et al, 2002; Teixeira, 1999). To determine heel strike of the non-kicking leg at placement the event minimum pipeline was used on the non-dominant leg (heel), to find the lowest point of the heel in the z axis (see figure 13). For information between a range of movements to be determined, the event ball contact was defined (see figure 14). Segment velocity (in x axis) of the thigh, shank and foot was extracted from the data, in the reports section, using the range of events previously defined (non-dominant leg heel contact and ball impact) to visually see data between and up to those chosen points. Muscular strength test Isokinetic concentric peak torque of the dominant leg was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (ISOCOM- isokinetic technology, eurokinetics) see figure 15. The strength test involved movement of the knee (extension and flexion) to detect muscular strength in the knee extensor muscle groups. The angular velocity used for the movement was 60 ° s-1; this angular velocity has been used by many investigators to evaluate knee muscular strength of football players (Kellis et al, 2001; Ergun et al, 2004; Dauty et al, 2002). Prior to undergoing the test a warm-up was conducted, consisting of a 10 min warm up of cycling and 5mins of dynamic stretching, completion of this lead to the familiarisation process of the test protocols for the isokinetic movements that were tested including practice trials. Three maximum voluntary repetitions of flexion and extension at 60 ° s-1 took place in a seated position, with five familiarisation trials taking place beforehand, the participants were war ned as to when the real trials were about to commence. The peak torque value was used to represent muscular strength; this is considered to be the gold standard in isokinetic measurement (ISOCOM testing and rehabilitation user manual). This testing took place both pre and post intervention with the same protocol applied for both testing. Training programme The training programme undertaken in this study was a synthesis of findings derived from published articles for example training books and journals (Manolopoulous et al, 2006; Zatsiorsky Kraemer, 2006; Chu, 1998). The FTG and MTG followed a 6-week training programme consisting of 1 session per week (each session consisting of up to an hour and a half) including a warm up and main activities. The main activity consisted of a circuit style fashion plyometrics, kick co-ordination and strength work ensemble, with exercises such as; lunges, squat jumps, resistance band work, core stability ball work and hurdle work included. Technical game play was incorporated into each session at the end of the circuit; with the aim of improving k

Understanding the Exchange Market Rate - Pound to US Dollar (GBP/USD) E

The fluctuation or well known as the exchange market is the rate at which one currency will be exchange for another. It also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in the terms of another currency. The fluctuation was determined in the foreign exchange market (Wikipedia, 2014). The fluctuation rate is not permanent sometime in one day the fluctuation rate can change from high to low and from low to high. Hard currency is any global traded currency that is expected to serve as a reliable and stable store of value. The factor contributing to a currency hard status might include the long term stability of its purchasing power, the associated country’s political and fiscal condition and outlook and policy posture of the issuing central bank (Wikipedia, 2014). The two currency that can be taken as the hard currency was the United States Dollar and also the Great Britain Pound. These two currency is very popular and also important in the way to contribute to the exchange rate in foreign exchange market The United States Dollar (USD) or its sign was ($) is referred to as the U.S Dollar, and also as the American Dollar. It is the official currency to the Unites States and its overseas territories. The currency of United States Dollar was divided into 100 smaller units called cents (Wikipedia, 2014). The United States Dollar is often used in the traded process because of its high value. There were five major reason of why the U.S Dollar is so widely used in the traded. The reason is as below: †¢ It’s an investment currency in many capital markets †¢ It’s a reserve currency held by many central banks †¢ It’s a common transaction currency in many International commodity market †¢ It’s an invoice currency in many contracts †¢... ...ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling [ 3 April 2014 ] 10. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Fluctuation from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluctuation [ 2 April 2014 ] 11. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Exchange Rate from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate [ 2 April 2014 ] 12. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Interest Rate from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate [ 3 April 2014 ] 13. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Speculator from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation [ 2 April 2014] 14. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Government Debts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_debt from [ 5 April 2014 ] 15. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Economic Interventionism from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_interventionism [ 2 April 2014 ] 16. Wikipedia ( 2014 ) Economic Growth from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth [ 6 April 2014 ]

Purpose of General Appeals Process Essay

The purpose of a General Appeals Process is used to challenge payer’s decision to reduce, deny or to downcode any claim. The provider however, can ask for a review of the payer’s decision. The patient also has a right to ask for a request of the appeal. The claimant or appellant is the one that is filing the appeal. That could be an individual who is the provider or the patient. The basic steps are simple of the appeal. This is where the payer has a consistent procedure to handle the appeal. This has to do with what kind of appeal it is. The practice staff does a review on the procedure before other actions are taken. The staff then takes the necessary steps to move forward. The appeals must be filed by a certain time after the determination. The payers must go through three steps. These steps are a complaint, an appeal and the grievance. There is not a bunch of time to spend on this procedure. After this is done and the payer is still denying the claim, the claimant can take another step. This can be reviewed through the state insurance commissions since most payers are licensed through them. The state insurance commissions must have all copies of the file and to see why the claim was denied. The reason that the claim was denied to could be simple reasons. The reasons are mostly human error. The most common claim denials are due to not using the patient’s health care identification number and the correct name on the card. The other reasoning could be not putting down where the services were done. The last but not least could be invalid diagnosis codes. This could all be why the claim is denied. References Nyman, Ronald E., ESQ, (June 2007), MediStar Meducation , Volume 1, Number 4, www.credentialsxpress.com/newsletters/newsletter1-4 full.htm, Retrieved September 10,2010, Google.

Existent vs. Existing

Existent vs. Existing Existent vs. Existing Existent vs. Existing By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the correctness of the following phrase: â€Å"the strengths of the existent organization.† Says the reader: I just read this phrase in an email sent out from the Deans office of a large Midwestern university known nationally for academic excellence. Personally, I would not have written the sentence with the word existent I would have used â€Å"existing.† Did someone not proofread carefully enough? Is â€Å"existent† OK to use? Does it sound too snooty? Although both adjectives mean â€Å"having being or existence in the present time,† existing is the word most commonly used to describe such things as organizations, processes, laws, and amenities: Your IT department might have a list of best practices and guidelines that you can use to streamline information, avoid duplication, protect sensitive data, and use existing systems more efficiently. Use of immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain measurements compared with existing techniques as a means of typing monoclonal immunoglobulins. The four main methods in reforming law are repeal  (get rid of a law), creation of new law, consolidation (change existing law) and codification. Existent may not be exactly â€Å"snooty,† but it is more often used in discussions of spiritual or philosophical matters than in talking about day-to-day activities: It is commonly accepted that there are two sorts of existent entities: those that exist but could have failed to exist, and those that could not have failed to exist. Entities of the first sort are  contingent beings; entities of the second sort are  necessary beings. Russells problem of the  existent  round square might then be reformulated as  the problem of the existent-cum-modal-moment round square.   One point on which there is agreement [about Existentialist thought] is that the existence with which we should be concerned here is not just any existent thing, but  human existence. When speaking of a health condition that is in existence at the time someone applies for health insurance, the usual term is â€Å"pre-existing condition.† There is a word pre-existent, but like existent, it appears mostly in religious and philosophical writing. For example: According to Baha’i teachings, the individual soul of a human being comes into being at the time of conception and only thereafter is eternal; in other words it is not pre-existent. [They also teach] that God, a reality which human consciousness cannot comprehend, is pre-existent, that is He exists prior to time and to His creation. Arius (c. 256-336 CE) believed that the pre-existent Son of God was directly created by the Father, that he was subordinate to God the Father, and that only the Father was without beginning or end, but that the Son was also divine. The word nonexistent, on the other hand, is quite common in ordinary speech:   Cops Arrest Photographer for Nonexistent Law They [job applicants] bought a bachelor of science degree in biology, dated June 13, 1975, and a masters degree dated June 10, 1988, in Collins name both from Lexington University, a nonexistent school purportedly in Middletown, N.Y. Speakers and writers who replace existing with existent in a non-philosophical context may be creating a back-formation from nonexistent. In standard usage, it’s still best to use existing to refer to such things as laws, customers, and systems, reserving existent for philosophical discussion. The adjective extant, â€Å"continuing to exist,† is used to describe artifacts or structures that have survived beyond the time other things like them have disappeared. Here are two examples of this use: The only extant copy of Clarkes 1619 broadsheet can be found in the British Library. The Yambol Covered Bazaar is the only such Ottoman institution still extant in Bulgaria. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetDouble Possessive

Comparison of US Supreme Court Decisions

Comparison of US Supreme Court Decisions Introduction The purpose of this essay is to compare the various court decisions made by the Supreme Court before and after 1937. The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States and it is charged with the mandate of deciding cases based on a majority vote by the various judiciaries who make up the court. The Supreme Court faced a re-organization in 1937 with the introduction of the Judiciary Reorganization Bill by President Franklin Roosevelt to add more court justices to the US Supreme Court and to also obtain more favourable rulings in court cases and decisions (Mckenna 413). As part of his election campaign, President Roosevelt launched his New Deal initiative that was meant to promote economic recovery within the United States following the Wall Street Crash in 1929 as well as the Great Depression in 1932. President Roosevelt introduced the Reorganization Bill to deal with discrepancies in court rulings that existed in the US Supreme Court (Epste in Thomas 451).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of US Supreme Court Decisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case 1 In the analysis of court decisions made by the Supreme Court before 1937, a case that stands out is the Panama Refining Co. Vs Ryan which took place in 1935. The major contention in this case was the National Industrial Recovery Act where the US Congress gave authority to the President of the United States to prohibit the transportation of petroleum within and outside the country in the event the petrol was produced from storage and also to regulate the oil industry within the United States. However Panama Refining and Amazon Petroleum filed a law suit that was meant to stop the enforcement of the National industrial Recovery Act after it was passed by the US Congress granting the president the overall authority in the oil industry (Findlaw par.1). The case was taken to the Supreme Court who ruled in favour of Amazon Petroleum and Panama Refining. The court based its ruling on the fact that the US Congress had delegated a lot of authority and power to the President without providing any clear guidelines or statements as to how they reached their decision. Congress also failed to provide clearly established standards that would be used to empower the President under the NIRA act. This court ruling was seen to be a major blow to President Roosevelt’s New Deal initiative and he contested the Supreme Court’s decision by stating that the ruling had been made based on the narrowness of the court’s opinion as it did not deny Congress the authority to regulate the oil industry (Findlaw par.5). Case 2 In the case of Employers Reinsurance Corporation vs. Bryant-1937, a citizen of Texas had sued a corporate citizen in Missouri for the recovery of a sum of $3,000 that was meant for workmen’s compensation insurance. The defendant of the case caused th e suit to be removed because of the diverse citizenship of the various parties involved in law suit. The process was issued out of the Gregg County court and served upon an agent of the defendant on the Western District of Texas. The defendant challenged this move by stating that it was outside of the court’s territorial jurisdiction to move the law suit to another state. The plaintiff moved that the law suit should be remanded to the state court as the federal court was unable to obtain the personal jurisdiction of the defendant (Justia par.11).Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The defendant of the case petitioned the Supreme Court begging them to vacate the order of the state court for the case to remain there. The Supreme Court took in the petition by ordering the state judge to show just cause why the requested writs of the case could not be issued. After an analy sis of the various facts of the case, the ruling of the Supreme Court was to deny the defendant a petition based on the grounds that the service of process against the defendant to remove cause to the federal court was invalid as the defendant declined to appear voluntarily before the court. The court also based its ruling on the fact that the defendant did not have an agent on which service could have been had with the Western Texas District where the law suit was pending (Justia par.17). Comparison of the Supreme Court’s Decision The ruling of the Supreme Court in the Employer’s Reinsurance Corporation vs Bryant demonstrates that the Supreme Court expanded its judicial reviews of court cases when compared to the first case. The court rejected the defendant’s appeal because the order made by the state court was done with the proper exercise of lawful authority which was suitable for the situation in which the decision was made. This court ruling demonstrated th at the Supreme Court exercised its rulings based on the various circumstances that existed in the court case. In the first case, the court’s ruling was based on US Congress acts and legislation which stipulated that the US Congress had supreme authority over the interstate oil commerce in the United States and the President therefore did not have the authority to regulate the oil industry. While this ruling was made in accordance with Congress legislation, it affected the new Deal initiative established by President Roosevelt to spur economic growth in the country (Brown 1942). The courts power based on the two cases has expanded as the US Congress continued to grant the Supreme Court more powers and authority that would ensure appropriate rulings in both the state and federal courts. The general view that has been held by the Supreme Court is in ensuring that there is an equitable distribution of justice and management of the country’s legal system through the three b ranches of government that include the President, the US Congress and judicial bodies which include the state and federal courts. The implementation of justice within the court is based on set out legislation and laws that are meant to govern the justice and legal system in the United States (Brown 1942).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of US Supreme Court Decisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brown, Claude H. Some problems concerning motions under federal rule 12(b). Minnesota Law Review, 27(5), 1942-1943, 1943. Epstein, Lee, and Thomas, Walker. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints (6th Ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2007. Print. Findlaw. US Supreme Court: Panama Refining Co. Vs Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (135). N.d. Web. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/293/388.html Justia. Employers reinsurance corporation vs. Bryant, 299, US 374(1937). N.d. Web. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/299/374/ McKenna, Marian. Franklin Roosevelt and the Great Constitutional War: The Court-packing Crisis of 1937. New York: Fordham University Press, 2002. Print.

To what extent the effectiveness of sex appeal in advertising may be Essay

To what extent the effectiveness of sex appeal in advertising may be reduced by factors like religion, culture, morals and traditions - Essay Example Empirical data are chosen on the basis of qualitative interviews among representatives of UK sub-cultures: Anglo-Saxon and Asian Islamic. Interviews were focused on consumers’ reactions to Tom Ford ads. Different reactions of UK sub-cultures’ representatives witness multicultural nature of UK market and a necessity of different advertising campaigns for western and eastern nationalities. Advertising is abundant with sex images. UK advertising shows a frequent application of sex appeal in the mainstream advertising. The major objective of suppliers is to draw attention to the information they hold. Therefore sex appeals perform a communicative function (Saunders, 1996). With a course of time, advertising becomes more and more absorbed by sexual appeals. Thu this is an efficient strategy (Reichert, 1999). There is a necessity to differentiate between nudity and sexual explicitness. â€Å"Sex does sells,†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this phrase is a motto for modern suppliers. In spite of potential consumers’ offence, sex appeals penetrate in every sphere of production: cars are advertized by naked girls, men perfumes are sold because they are depicted on the background of vagina (ad by Tom Ford). A vivid discussion among critics may consider both usage of naked girls as an enslavement of a female body and an immoral usage of such kind of images with regard to Muslim culture , for example. The effectiveness of sex appeal is discussed in detail by Bumler (1999), who underlined that sex appeal is used as â€Å"†¦the most powerful weapon in their [suppliers’] arsenal and therefore they use graphic images to get and hold on to audiences’ attention† (1999, pp. 34). Biological instincts of humans are stricken by such kind of ads. In other words these ads â€Å"†¦affect persuasion, especially in a saturated media environment typified by passive viewing exposure (Reichert, Heckler & Jackson, 2001). A lot of studies and researches are devoted to the discussion of sex appeals usage in mass

Harriet tubman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harriet tubman - Essay Example Most were sold but she stayed on the plantation. When she was a teenager, she was told by the Overseer of the plantation to help him stop a slave that was running away; Harriet helped the slave instead. The Overseer was so angry about this that he picked up a two pound wait and threw it at the slave. He hit Harriet instead and almost killed her. She had headaches for the rest of her life (Bennett 50). At age 25, she married a free African American named John Tubman. Five years later, she was afraid that she would be sold somehow and quickly made her way to freedom, aided by a neighbor. The neighbor gave her a piece of paper with two names on it that were the first two safe houses on the Underground Railroad Route. Through a series of events after that, she escaped to Canada. She traveled to Pennsylvania where she met William Still, the "Stationmaster" of the Underground Railroad (History Net par 4). Many people say that everyone is destined to do something in the world and they must find what it is and do it. For Harriet, working as the "conductor" for the Underground Railroad was her destiny. Most people know that this wasnt an actual train, but a system of safe houses where slaves could stay on their journey to freedom. Slaves would listen to hear the code song: Once they heard this, they knew to get ready because the "train" was running and Moses had arrived. She was nicknamed Moses because her work was similar to what Moses did as he led the people of Egypt out of slavery. History reports that she made about 19 trips and helped 300 slaves escape to the North. This also included her family members. What she did was very dangerous because she had a price on her head that promised $40,000 for her -- dead or alive. During that time, she never lost a slave (Bennett, 52). After the war, Harriet moved back to her home in Auburn New York and opened the "John Brown Home," a home for indigent black people. She raised the money to buy the land and

Humor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Humor - Essay Example Every time the gray unicorn Charlie is misled and faces some loss or the other including his kidney, horn and TV. The video uses mainly three elements of humor to amuse its audience. Firstly, each of the videos in this series contains funny starts, for instance, a silly song, which is nice to hear despite its meaninglessness to the rational mind, comments with self-irony and funny names. (Medgyes, 8-9) In the first video as the three unicorns approach the Candy Mountain, the five letters of the word ‘CANDY’ begins to sing a song in order to invite Charlie inside the cave – â€Å"Its the mecca of love in the candy cave. They got jellybeans and coconuts with little hats† (Charlie the Unicorn). Coconuts and jellybeans normally do not have hats. In the second video, the Santa Claus type creature (known as Frogus) begins to sing a song asking Charlie to put a banana in his ear whenever he is sad – â€Å"Put a ripe banana right into your favourite ear! Its true† (Charlie the Unicorn 2). No one has perhaps ever done such a thing with a rational mind. The third video includes a silly song sung by the strange creature looking like a hybrid form of a goal and seal. The song is trying to convince Charlie how loved he is by all the creatures of the sea. The way they are sung is funny and their meaningless stems from the choice of words. Other examples of funny starts include self-irony - â€Å"What the-Oh, sleeping gas! Of course. Why did I expect any different?† (Charlie The Unicorn 3) Charlie gets carried away for a second but soon realizes that he has repeated the same mistake of following his friends’ advice and expresses it aloud, therefore striking the humor. Medgyes shows through examples â€Å"the fun of being self-critical† (Medgyes, 21). Funny names have been used frequently in the second video of Charlie where the giant sneaker is referred as the train and called the â€Å"choo choo shoe†. The pinka nd blue unicorn sings aloud – â€Å"Chugga

Is College Debt To Much Essay Example for Free

Is College Debt To Much Essay Everyone who wants to go to college is often faced with the same fact, how will I pay? Students often go with the options of taking loans, after much consideration and research, research sometimes based on essays written by authors. Even though Carey and Wilson both address the debt college could put someone in. Wilson provides a more convincing argument due to the fact that he gives more information on statistics of student loans, more information about loans, and an unbiased opinion. Before you make a big decision you should always know the risks and benefits. One way to ensure you make a good decision is, if possible look at statistics. In the essays â€Å"Why Do You Think They’re Called For- Profit Colleges?† by Kevin Carey and â€Å"A Lifetime Of Student Debt? Not Likely† by Robin Wilson they both take different approaches to using statistics about student loan debt in their writing. Carey does not use any statistics making his article harder to understand and his material credibility questionable. Carey states that, â€Å"The University Of Phoenix is on pace to reap $4 billion from federal loans† (Carey 216). This is one of the only times in his article Carey mentions how much colleges make from loans. He then says â€Å"Unfortunately, a large and growing number of graduates of for-profit colleges are having trouble paying those loans back† (Carey 216). Although Carey says it’s a large number of graduates that have trouble paying loans back he does not show any statistics to confirm it, which makes his information questionable. On the other hand Wilson uses an abundance of statistics in his article which makes the article easy to understand and a trustworthy source. According to Wilson, â€Å"Of the 65 percent who face debt, the average they owe is around $20,00† Andrews 2 (Wilson 257). Wilson also gives statistics on the amount of debt difference between undergraduate and graduate degrees, and public and private schools  graduates. Just the uses of Wilsons statistics makes me realize that debt is a manageable and wouldn’t overwhelm my life. The next point that really set these two essays apart was the amount of information given about loans. In Carey’s article he gives very little information about loans in general. He really just implies that student’s taking large loans are what are making for-profit colleges so profitable. He fails to give us information about why loans are needed, and what loans allow people to do. Unlike Wilson who again gives us plenty of material to see the pros and cons of loans. Wilson covers topics like interest rates, and borrowing risks. He also includes stories from people’s real life describing their personal success and struggles with student debt. These personal stories really helped me connect with Wilson’s article and understand the pros of taking loans. The last point that set these essays apart was the amount of bias in the articles. I felt Carey’s article was extremely biased towards one man named Michal Clifford. It shows Clifford as almost a monster. Carey says, â€Å"Entrepreneurs like Clifford, meanwhile, have been snapping up dying nonprofit colleges and quickly turning them into money making machines† (Carey 216). I on the other hand do not think its Clifford fault. He is just doing his job, and it seems he’s doing a very good job at it. One way or another the student has to pay for college and it’s going to be fairly expensive in this day and age, and I feel like Carey is just trying to put the blame on someone. Although Wilson acknowledges that there are some problems with students loans and some people will have a difficult time paying them back, I think he wrote a very fair and unbiased essay. Andrews 3 There are always two sides to every story and multiple ways of looking at things, as shown in these two essays both discussing student loan debt. Although these essays both challenged my mind and gave me new insight on student loan debt, I thought Wilsons essay was much more to the point. Also he included so much more in depth information that made the article interesting ,knowledgeable, and meaningful.

Plagiarism :: Cheating Essays papers

Plagiarism When we think of plagiarism the word criminal comes into mind. Contrary, one does not often intentionally mean to take an already written and published thought. However, the online Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that to plagiarize is â€Å"to commit literary theft† that is, to take ones â€Å"idea[s]† that are written down and â€Å"pass† theirs off as your own work. Nevertheless, the question- what if I did think and create that idea in my own mind- always pop up. The only way to explain the frequency of students plagiarizing is to blame the schools for not enforcing and teaching the rules. Therefore, when we educate others and ourselves the rules of copying and cheating there will not be any cases of accidental plagiarism. Society nowadays is flooded with online-websites, self help lines, and novels about the dangers of plagiarism and how to avoid it; yet students continue to steal others work for their own. With the over abundance of technological support and the vast variety of reference books and novels it is almost a temptation for students to plagiarize. All the same, students would not feel compelled to plagiarize if teachers would bring all the rules of citation into light. If we educate students at a young age that plagiarism is not the way to go then maybe the amount of plagiarism would drop. Furthermore, if there was a mandatory class that students took in their late elementary and throughout secondary schooling plagiarism would not be a major problem like it is today. Similar to the ignorance shared in the 1960’s because of the lack of knowledge about minorities, plagiarism is an issue that most people do not feel entirely confident and comfortable with due to their shortage of education.

Consumer Culture and Identity Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

Introduction Fonseca (2008) defines Consumer culture as a process that â€Å"represents a condition in which consumption is seen as having the role of increasingly mediating certain aspects of social relations and consumption has the symbolic ability to represent affiliation to a certain group and its lifestyles, as well as to generate a sense of identity.† The mention of identity in Fonseca’s definition brings about an understanding of the impact consumer culture can have on social agents, and not just on the economic or capitalism that comes with consumption. This essay will discuss the relationship between Consumer culture and Identity. The essay is divided into five parts; the first section is an introduction into what Consumer culture is, the second section is also an introduction into what Identity is and how it is used in the context of the essay, the third section deals with the crisis of identity in modern day, the fourth section introduces consumption in a contemporary society, the fifth section explains the impact consumption have on identity (how we reflect on ourselves and use goods to shape our identity). This essay concludes by using Giddens (1991) argument about the modern dynamic reflectivity has an impact in the process of reconstructing ones identity when it comes in contact with the post traditional setting, to show that the relation between consumer culture and identity is that Identity is formed as consumption takes place. Introduction to Consumer Culture The word â€Å"culture† has been defined as â€Å"one of the two or three most complicated words in English Language† (William; 1958). Over the years the meaning of the word has changed and varied in different parts of the world. In 1881, Taylor defined culture a... ...society: Myths and structures (Vol. 53). Sage. Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (1995). The normal chaos of love. Cambridge: Polity Press. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Davis, J. (2007). The Promise of Potential. Minnesota: JD Coaching and Consulting. Dittmar, H. 1992. The Social Psychology of Material Possessions: To Have Is To Be, Hertfordshire, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: self and identity in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity. Lury, C. 1996. Consumer Culture, Cambridge, Polity Press. Sassatelli, R. (2007). Consumer culture: History, theory and politics. Sage. Slater, D. (1997). Consumer culture and modernity. Blackwell Publishing: Malden Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings.

Tenets of Neoclassical Economy

The objective of this academic essay is to discuss the main tenets of neoclassical economic liberalism, explain whether less developed countries should entirely depend on developed countries not and give the reasons. According to Schumpeter (1954), the classical school of economics was developed in the 1750 and lasted as the mainstream of economic thought until the late 1800.Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nation book published in 1776 can be used as the formal beginning of classical economics but it actually evolved over a period of time and was influenced by Mercantilist doctrines, Physiocracy, the enlightenment, classical liberalism and the early stages of the industrial revolution. Adam Smith is recognized as the originator of classical economic. John Stuart Mill a British philosopher 1806-1873 is often regarded as the synthesizer of the school.While Adam Smith would be regarded as the originator and leader of the school, David Ricardo 1772-1823 should be credited with establishing the form and methods of school. Neoclassical economic liberalism is based on principles of namely free competition, a self-regulating market economy, and low or no taxes on income and property, while sharing with other forms of liberalism â€Å"a belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, and the autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of political and civil liberties.Liberalism has long history rooted in the theories of liberal political thought. It focuses mainly on the individuals rights. It attaches a lot of value to personal freedom be it political or economical. It strives to limit the state’s influence in the economic and social life of society. Liberal theorists believe that economic life should not be interfered by constitutional and legal rights to run all the national or public services. Economic life should be let flourish on its own without interference by the state.Therefore, the cornerstone or the most important thought o f liberalism are free trade and free competition (Schumpeter 1954). Neo-classicists see the market for organising economic activities and individuals and companies are rewarded for their efficiency. The market is seen to be at the centre for economic growth and not the state. In other words, Neoclassical seek to understand economic development in terms of the market behaviour of individual actors and therefore can be described as essentially individualistic (Downs 1957).Economics is a science that studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means that have alternatives uses. Neoclassical economics pursues this study by means of supply and demand models that determine prices based on the subjective preference for determining prices in order to escape from the so called objective value theory of classical economics, according to which the value of goods could be established by reference to some basic commodity or the labour input required to produce a good.Neo-cl assicists hoped that by throwing away objective values, economics could be placed on a more scientific basis as an essentially descriptive and predictive theory of human behaviour (Thirlwall, 2006). Neoclassical economics can be understood in terms of both its subject matter and its method. The subject matter of economics deals with variables such as incomes and prices, and aggregates like gross national product, employment levels and inflation rate.The methods offer a way to think about large number interactions within markets, although in principle the range of social institutions can be extended to include politics. The characteristic feature or main tenets of the neoclassical method are instrumental rationality, methodological individualism, economic self interest, equilibrium analysis and the use of mathematical techniques (Riker, 1982). With instrumental rationality entails that agents are supposed rational in a broad sense that their behaviour can explained in term of their p references.Preferences are assumed to be determined by the individuals’ desires and beliefs and well ordered with regard to outcomes. For many purposes, preferences can remain specified only up to certain abstract structural features, such as consistency, completeness and complexity. The latter requirement forms the basis of relative price analytics focused on behavioural effects of changes in the relative prices of different objects of value. More specifically, rational individuals are assumed to respond to any increase in the price of a good by consuming less of it.This simple relative price proposition turns to be surprisingly powerful in predicting behaviour in economic setting and includes specifically the basis of institutional analysis: Institutions yield different social outcomes because they alter the incentives that agents face (Buchanan, 1975). In principle, individuals’ preference could have any content whatsoever: agents could be benevolent or could be dri ven by group interests or a desire to comply with group norms. But in practice , there is a strong tendency to ascribe predominantly self interested motives o individuals and to rely more on institutional mechanism that bend interests to the service of duty than on individuals inherent sense of dutifulness. Accordingly, the first question economists are likely to ask of institutions is what economic incentives they give rise to. Equally, when individuals agents interact, neo-classicists generally assumes that each agent maximizes his or her own well being, considered apart from the well being of the other agents with whom he or she interacts.According to Downs (1957) in the resultant interplay among rival interests, neoclassical economists tend to conceptualize stable social outcomes as form of â€Å"equilibria,† in which the strength of the various contenders are in balance. Furthermore, analysis proceed by examining changes in external circumstances that would alter the str ength of different forces and thereby induce all to change their behaviour in particular directions.The external circumstances in question include policy change by government and changes in broader institutional arrangements though there is an issue as to how far government action should be regarded as external to the social system. Buchanan (1975) argues that the distinct feature of the neoclassical approach to economics can be usefully illustrated with reference to classical economics, in particular to Adams Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand.Smith’s metaphor express the idea that, under certain conditions, the behaviour of agents who act in their own interests can also ultimately promote the public interest. Smith claimed specifically that the freely operating market under the system of natural liberty would constitute such an invisible hand process. Although agents are assumed to be neither particularly benevolent nor cooperate by nature, the exchange processes that the free market were seen to mobilize vast benefits from large scale human cooperation that are individually not attainable.The neoclassical version of the claim is embodied in the so called fundamental theorems of welfare economics, which asserts that all perfectly competitive equilibria are Pareto optimal, and all Pareto-optimal points are equilibria of a perfectly competitive market under some initial distinction of goods. Pareto optimally is defined as the situation in which all possible mutually beneficial moves have been made. Interestingly, the neoclassical version of this result follows David Ricardo’s formulation in which gains from exchange arise from exploiting natural differences among agents according to principle of ompetitive advantage. In Adam Smith’s version by contrast, the gains from exchange arise not merely from natural difference but from gains from specialisation (Buchanan 1975). There is however, a more significant limitation to fundamenta l theorem of welfare economics. The theorems are restricted in their scope to private goods that are excludable. Markets cannot guarantee the optimal provision of public goods and collective consumption goods. Under plausible conditions, non excludable goods such as defence or law and order and non patentable discoveries may not be provided at all.Even accepting the limited normative reach of paretian concepts, therefore, markets cannot reliably deliver much that is required for their successful operation, such as a secure system of property rights and many goods that are important for human flourishing, such as public health measures or plausible theories about the working of the economy (Thirlwall, 2006). Furthermore, Pareto–optimal outcomes are not necessarily just. Pareto-optimality is consistent with slavery if slaves cannot purchase their own freedom.It is also consistent with very large disparities in income levels. Although the fundamental theorem of welfare economics state that any Pareto-optimal outcome can be realized by a suitable initial redistribution of goods, perfectly competitive markets remain themselves neutral with regard to distributive issues. In other words, the neoclassical defence of perfectly competitive markets can offer only a partial foundation for a comprehensive theory of cooperation, because the normative basis of evaluation that the neoclassical approach offers is too thin.Political philosophers such as Robert Nozick (1974) and David Gauthier (1986), for example, have taken this lack of normative justification as a starting point to embed markets into broader theories of social and economic cooperation that balance efficiency considerations with concerns for justice. Nevertheless, the neoclassical analysis of markets carries important normative implications. First, the analysis demonstrates that the benefits available from human cooperation are considerable.Neoclassical economics depicts social interaction as potentially â€Å"positive sum. † Beyond enjoyed by some individuals need not imply a loss to other and can lead to additional gains. Second, in mobilizing the mutual benefits available, there is a significant task of coordination among individual participation, a task that markets perform well for private excludable goods. Third, in part, markets work well in this coordination role, because they induce predominantly self-interested persons to serve others’ interests.It might be said that markets economize on benevolence, which tends to be a scarce good for many human interactions. Finally, the neoclassical account help to identify cases of market failure cases in which markets cannot guarantee optimal outcome (Emrah, 2008). Less developed countries cannot depend entirely on the notion of neoclassical economic liberalism or markets mechanism to the extent developed countries. This is because most markets in developing countries are characterised with widespread imperfection.One e xample is lack of information and existence of uncertainty that most individual producers face. Most producers in developing countries are generally unsure about the size of local markets, the existence of other producers and the availability of inputs both domestic and imported. Therefore in such a situation profit-utility maximising may be based on incorrect information and in the end lead to inefficient allocation of resources. (Todaro and Smith, 2009) Under such circumstance, the government may perhaps intervene to provide information by guiding producers and consumers.Therefore it can be analysed that, although free market economies have been successful in developed economies, it cannot be so in developing countries and the only recourse is the model of the mixed economy or social market economy. According to Thirlwall (1989), the true benefits of free market outputs may not be reflected in the prices because of the presence of substantial externalities. A number of goods may h ave high social value that is not reflected in their market prices.Because of market distortion or imperfections, the prices may not reflect marginal cost and many social goods and services such as health and education may not be produced at all or offered at a low price even free because markets are incomplete and private sectors have no incentives to produce them. In addition there is no guarantee that market mechanism will distribute resources equitably. Therefore, the government usually has the responsibility to provide them. Todaro and Smith (2009) further argue that although markets may ensure efficient allocation of resources, it can also lead to high levels of income inequalities.Over dependence on market may not improve the distribution of income but it worsen it. Due to these kinds of market failures, different developmental experts and economist have argued in the past that there must be government intervention in the development process and adopt various forms of plannin g models to allocate resources. In some countries resource allocation or planning is managed by bureaucrats and not by consumers. The government plan how resources are allocated across different sectors of the economy (Thirlwall, 1989). In conclusion, the welfare role of the state is retained in a social market economy which cares for the poor.In cases where the poor countries are striving towards a free market economy, there should be certain segments controlled by the state but with prevalence of free enterprise such that efficiency is restored and the country moves towards economic prosperity. Free market economy under centralized political control is the most effective way for distributing resources. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aydinonat, N. Emrah. (2008) The Invisible Hand in Economics: How Economists Explain Unintended Social Consequences: Routledge, New York. Buchanan, J. M. (1975). TheLlimits Of Liberty :University of Chicago Press, Chicago: Downs, A. 1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy . Harper, New York: Gauthier, D. P. (1986), Morals by Agreement: Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. Nozick, R. (1974), Anarchy, State, And Utopia: Blackwell,Oxford, UK. Riker, W. H. (1982), Liberalism against populism: A confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice: Freeman, San Francisco. Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954), History of Economic Analysis: Oxford University Press, New York. Thirlwall, P. A (2006), 8th ed Growth And Development; Macmillan, London. Todaro, M and S. Smith (2009) Economic Development : Dorling, New Delhi.